PARTS OF SPEECH TAUGHT BY PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH

PARTS OF SPEECH TAUGHT BY: PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LAY SENGHOR 016 940 392 1

I HE SHE THEY IT LAY SENGHOR 2

What is a pronoun? l Definition: A pronoun is a word used instead of noun or name, to avoid the repetition of it. A pronoun is a part of speech that substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and designates persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood. LAY SENGHOR 3

PRONOUNS l Classification and Definition Personal pronoun Self-pronoun Possessive pronoun Relative pronoun Demonstrative pronoun Interrogative pronoun Indefinite pronoun LAY SENGHOR Reciprocal pronoun 4

What is a personal pronoun? l Definition: A personal pronoun is a kind of pronouns that is used to denote three persons. First person Second person Third person LAY SENGHOR 5

l Personal pronoun is divided: Subject Object WE I YOU THEY SHE you HE IT ONE LAY SENGHOR me her them one us him it 6

FUNCTIONS OF PERSONAL PRONOUN l 1/ Subject of a verb They want to conduct a diplomatic negotiation with Sarah Palin about war in Pakistan. l 2/ Object of a verb I met them in New York during election campaign. LAY SENGHOR 7

l 3/ Direct / Indirect object Obama provided it to them in conference after election. l 4 / Object of a preposition Ronaldo waits for me at the street corner. l 5 / Subjective complement If I were you, I shouldn’t do that. LAY SENGHOR 8

THE USE OF ( IT) l 1/ Subject of verb I have a dog. It is called Tony. l 2/ Object of a verb I can’t find it anywhere today. l 3/ Formal subject Sometimes, it is difficult to make a decision. LAY SENGHOR 9

l 4/ Formal object I consider it as my duty to return gratitude to my parents for supporting me to study more English. l 5/ Subject of impersonal verb - Natural phenomenon - Time – Distance It rains. It takes 3 days. . It takes 2 km. LAY SENGHOR 10

l 6/ Emphatic sentence Sok broke the glass. It was Sok that broke the glass. ( It + be +noun + that. . ) l 7/ In familiar expression It is said that…………. It is believed that………………. It is reported that………………. LAY SENGHOR 11

l 8/ For thing without life Here is your picture, take it away. l 9/ In speaking of the weather or the time It is cold today. It was 4 o’clock when she arrived. l 10/ For a young child When I saw the child. It was crying. LAY SENGHOR 12

What is a possessive pronoun? l. Definition: A possessive pronoun is a kind of pronouns that is used to show possession and is used to replace the possessive adjective plus noun. Ex- I heard his vioce. It is really his. LAY SENGHOR 13

REMARK ON DOUBLE POSSESSIVE NOUN + OF + POSSESSIVE PRONOUN Ex- Please show me one of your picture. Ex- Please show me a picture of yours. Ex- She introduced me to one of Sok’s friends. LAY SENGHOR 14

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN Singular Plural mine yours his hers its one’s LAY SENGHOR ours yours theirs 15

What is a self-pronoun? l Definition: A self-pronoun is a kind of pronouns which is used to show that the subject does something for himself or to emphasize the role of subject or object. Ex- He killed himself. Ex- I myself shot the tiger yesterday. LAY SENGHOR 16

SELF- PRONOUN Singular myself yourself himself herself itself oneself LAY SENGHOR Plural ourselves yourselves themselves 17

SELF- PRONOUN l SELF- PRONOUN IS DIVIDED INTO 2 Reflexive pronoun Emphasizing pronoun LAY SENGHOR 18

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN l 1/ Object of the verb Hillary loves herself too much. l 2/ Indirect object We can’t teach ourselves English. l 3/ Object of preposition Obama and Clinton work for themselves. Note: reflexive pronoun can’t be omitted. LAY SENGHOR 19

EMPHASIZING PRONOUN l 1/ To emphasize the subject The hunter himself killed the big tiger. l 2/ To emphasize the object I have met Sarah Palin herself. Note: emphasizing pronoun can be omitted and can be put right after the subject, object or at the end of the sentence. LAY SENGHOR 20

What is a relative pronoun? l. Definition: A relative pronoun is a kind of pronouns that is used to introduce an adjective clause. that whom who which LAY SENGHOR whose as 21

l FOR PERSON WHO ( THAT) - SUBJECTIVE CASE This is the man who brings me the news. WHOM ( THAT) – OBJECTIVE CASE The girl whom you told me is standing there. LAY SENGHOR 22

l FOR THINGS WHICH ( THAT) – SUBJECT/ OBJECT Palin lends me a book which is very interesting. This is the novel which we are talking about. This is an information which we provided LAY SENGHOR 23

WHOSE - For person The mother whose boy died in the accident is crying painfully. l OF WHICH - For thing The house of which roof is red belongs to my uncle. l AS is used as a relative pronoun after such + pronoun and sometimes after the same + pronoun. l LAY SENGHOR 24

What is a demonstrative pronoun? l. Definition: A demonstrative pronoun is a kind of pronouns that is used to point out person or things. THAT THIS THESE LAY SENGHOR THOSE 25

ones such To avoid repetition Ex-There are two shirts. I like the red ones. Ex-Those students are clever ones. Ex-Such are people, I’ve never met. LAY SENGHOR 26

What is an interrogative pronoun? l Definition: An interrogative pronoun is a kind of pronouns used to make questions. 016 940 392 what whose LAY SENGHOR which who 27

l For person what – is used to ask for occupation. which – is used to ask for choice. who – is used to ask for identification. whose – is used to ask for possessor. l For things what - is used to ask for information. LAY SENGHOR 28

What is an indefinite pronoun? l Definition. An indefinite pronoun is a kind of pronouns that is used to refer to number, but not any number in particular. one both each either neither several all every whole some any a little many much a lot of…. . LAY SENGHOR 29

What is a reciprocal pronoun? l Definition: A reciprocal pronoun is a kind of pronouns that is used to show reciprocity between subject. Ex-In our society, we must depend on one another. Ex-Romeo and Juliet loved each other. LAY SENGHOR 30

LAY SENGHOR 31

What is a noun? l. Definition: 016 940 392 A noun is a name of anything. It may be the name of a person, an animal, a place an action, a quality, or a state of being. Ex- a teacher, a sword, a bird, a town, revenge, loyalty, laziness………. . LAY SENGHOR 32

KINDS OF NOUN l THERE ARE TWO MAIN KINDS OF NOUN CONCRETE NOUN LAY SENGHOR ABSTRACT NOUN 33

What is a concrete noun? l Definition: A concrete noun is a kind of nouns that we can see and touch. 016 940 392 Ex- teacher, school, laptop, car, plane book, cat, telephone, girl, ………. . LAY SENGHOR 34

KINDS OF CONCRETE NOUN l THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF CONCRETE NOUN: ន មស ធ COMMON NOUN ន មអស ធ PROPER NOUN LAY SENGHOR ន មបរមលផត COLLECTIVE NOUN 35

What is a common noun? l Definition: A common noun is a kind of nouns that we can share in common. Common Noun is divided: 016 940 392 COUNTABLE NOUN LAY SENGHOR UNCOUNTABLE NOUN 36

What is a proper noun? l Definition: A proper noun is a kind of nouns that refers to a name of particular persons, animals, places…………… Ex- Phnom Penh, London, Oslo, Paris Kopenhagen, Budapest, Cambodia Kampot, Pursat, Kampong Thom… 016 940 392 LAY SENGHOR 37

What is a collective noun? l Definition: A collective noun is a kind of nouns that refers to a number of things, animals or person as a whole. 016 940 392 Ex- class, people, cattle, crew, committee, police…………. LAY SENGHOR 38

What is an abstract noun? l Definition: An abstract noun is a kind of nouns that we can not see and touch. Abstract Noun may refer: 016 940 392 ACTION LAY SENGHOR QUALITY STATUS 39

FORMATION OF ABSTRACT NOUN 1/ ADJECTIVE + NESS Ex- happiness, laziness, greatness, bitterness……………. . 2/ ADJECTIVE + TH Ex- length, width, breath, youth, depth… LAY SENGHOR 40

3/ ADJECTIVE OR NOUN + ISM Ex- materialism, heroism, socialism…. 4/ NOUN + SHIP Ex- friendship, ownership, scholarship. . LAY SENGHOR 41

5/ NOUN + HOOD Ex- boyhood, childhood, neighborhood. . . 6/ VERB + ION Ex- construction, dictation, action……. . LAY SENGHOR 42

7/ ADJECTIVE OR NOUN + DOM Ex- freedom, kingdom, wisdom……… 8/ VERB + MENT Ex- management, judgement………… LAY SENGHOR 43

9/ VERB + ING Ex- hunting, swimming, jogging, doing… 10/ SOME VRBS Ex- love, taste, touch, fear, hate, smell… LAY SENGHOR 44

SOME KINDS OF NOUNS COMPOUND NOUN DERIVATIVE NOUN MARTERIAL NOUN LAY SENGHOR NOUN EQUIVALENT AGENT NOUN AGGREGATE NOUN 45

What is a compound noun? l Definition: A compound noun is a kind of nouns which consists of two, three or more parts and is created by: 1/ NOUN + NOUN Ex- postcard, bookcase, newspaper…. . LAY SENGHOR 46

2/ GERUND + NOUN Ex- sawing machine, swimming pool…. . 3/ ADJECTIVE + NOUN Ex- grandson, whiteboard, redpen……. . LAY SENGHOR 47

4/ ADVERB/ PREPOSITION + NOUN Ex- overcoat, upland, foresight………. 5/ VERB + NOUN Ex- pickpoket, cutpurse, cutthroat……. . LAY SENGHOR 48

6/ VERB + ADVERB Ex- breakdown, buildup, farewell……… 7/ ADVERB + VERB Ex- income, outlook, input………. LAY SENGHOR 49

8/ POSSESSIVE CASE + NOUN Ex- spokesman, salesman, sportsman statesman………. LAY SENGHOR 50

What is a noun equivalent? l Definition: A noun equivalent is a kind of nouns which is created by: 1/ PRONOUN Ex- He arrived at the airport on time. LAY SENGHOR 51

2/ GERUND Ex- Swimming is a good exercise. 3/ ADJECTIVE PRECEDED BY ( THE ) Ex- The rich must help the poor. LAY SENGHOR 52

4/ INFINITIVE Ex- To be loved is happy. 5/ NOUN PHRASES a- Nominative absolute phrases Ex- A bird in a hand is better than two in bush. LAY SENGHOR 53

b- Infinitive phrases Ex- To win the election is a victory for candidates after election campaign. c- Gerund phrases Ex- Giving speeches made him proud to his nation after being elected. LAY SENGHOR 54

6/ NOUN CLAUSE Ex- We know that he’ll win the election. Ex- How the prisoner escaped was unknown. LAY SENGHOR 55

GENDER OF NOUN l Gender of noun can be: 1/ MASCULINE GENDER A noun that is the name of a male being. Ex- man, son, father, ox, dog, nephew… LAY SENGHOR 56

2/ FAMININE GENDER A noun that is the name of a female being. Ex- woman, daughter, mother, cow, niece………………. . LAY SENGHOR 57

3/ COMMON GENDER A noun that is the name of either male or female being. Ex- friend, neighbor, teacher, child…. . LAY SENGHOR 58

4/ NEUTER GENDER A noun that is the name of something without life. Ex- tree, table, bicycle, house, car……. LAY SENGHOR 59

SOME NOTES OF GENDER 1/ Object distinguished for greatness, power, sublimity are regarded as Masculine. Ex- Mine left his victims in sorrow. 2/ Object of sentiment distinguished for grace, beauty, gentleness are regarded as Faminine. Ex- Let peace holds everywhere. LAY SENGHOR 60

3/ Name of countries, ships, engines, cars, most small animals and insects are regarded as Faminine. Ex- We’re talking about Cambodia and her industry. 4/ Most large animals are considered as Masculine. Ex- Lion is not afraid of any animals. LAY SENGHOR 61

FORMATIONS OF NOUNS prefix+ un in noun re pre dis fore under Ex- untruth, inaction, disregard, forehead, prepayment, recovery, underskirt………. LAY SENGHOR 62

noun+ prefix ian dom ist ship ful ism hood Ex- musician, physician, violinist, guitarist, mouthful, pocketful kingdom, childhood, brotherhood, friendship, patriotism, leadership… LAY SENGHOR 63

suffix VERB+ ER OR ING AR ION MENT Ex- reader, operator, liar, action, agreement, arrangement, swimming. LAY SENGHOR 64

suffix ADJECTIVE + DOM ISM NESS TY ITY Ex- freedom, realism, darkness, safety… LAY SENGHOR 65

FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS 1/ SUBJECT OF A VERB Teachers came late this morning. 2/ SUBJECT COMPLEMENT My friend is a tycoon. 3/ OBJECT OF A VERB Bird builds a nest in the forest. 4/ DIRECT/ INDIRECT OBJECT Obama gave me a plane last month. LAY SENGHOR 66

5/ OBJECT OF PREPOSITION She is waiting for teacher at the street corner. 6/ COGNATE OBJECT I dreamed a good dream last night. 7/ ADVERBIAL EQUIVALENT He worked ten hours a day. LAY SENGHOR 67

8/ OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT We considered him a great patriot. 9/ APPOSITION Soyavaraman, a famous king, built Angkor Wat in the half of 21 century. 10/ ADJECTIVE EQUIVALENT 016 940 392 Did you see my brother’s book here? LAY SENGHOR 68

VERB l THERE 016 940 392 ARE TWO MAIN KINDS OF VERB FINITE VERB LAY SENGHOR NON-FINITE VERB 69

What is a finite verb? l Definition: A finite verb is a kind of verbs which always changes to subjects and tenses. Ex- Obama wants to conduct an ugent peace talk with North Korea to restore an economic crisis in his administration. LAY SENGHOR 70

FINITE VERB l FINITE VERB IS DIVIDED INTO 5 : TRANSITIVE VERB INTRANSITIVE VERB LINKING VERB SPECIAL VERB LAY SENGHOR IMPERSONAL VERB 71

What is a transitive verb? l Definition: A transitive verb is a verb which needs object or objects. A transitive verb is a verb that has no a complete meaning by itself. LAY SENGHOR 72

What is an object? l Definition: An object is the person or thing affected by the action described in the verb. 016 940 392 KINDS OF OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT LAY SENGHOR INDIRECT OBJECT 73

KINDS OF TRANSITIVE VERB CAN BE DIVIDED 2 MONO TRANSITIVE VERB LAY SENGHOR DITRANSITIVE VERB 74

What is a mono transitive verb? l Definition: A mono transitive verb is a kind of transitive verbs that requires an object. Ex- Hillary speaks English. Ex- Palin kisses me. Ex- I love my daughter. LAY SENGHOR 75

What is a ditransitive verb? l Definition: A ditransitive verb is a kind of transitive verbs which requires two or more objects. Ex- Obama gave a speech to his patriots after economic clout. Ex- Former khmer Rouge leaders provided documents to CDC last month. LAY SENGHOR 76

What is an intransitive verb? l Definition: An intransitive verb is a verb that has a complete meaning by itself in sentence. An intransitive verb is a kind of verbs that may be modified by an adverb, an adverb equivalent or cognate object. LAY SENGHOR 77

Ex- The injured man died painfully. Ex- She went to school. Ex- She dreamed a good dream. Ex- I run Ex- She sleeps. Ex- He works. LAY SENGHOR 78

What is a linking verb? l Definition: A linking verb or incomplete intransitive verb is one that joins the subject and subjective complement. A linking verb or copular verb is a kind of verbs which does not express action, but helps complete statements about the subject by describing or identifying it. LAY SENGHOR 79

LINKING VERBS ARE BE LOOK GET STAY SEEM GROW TURN SOUND REMAIN APPEAR TASTE SMELL FEEL BECOME LAY SENGHOR 80

What is a special verb? l Definition: A special verb is a kind of verbs that can not stand alone in the sentence. 016 940 392 SPECIAL VERB IS DIVIDED 1/ PRINCIPLE AUXILIARY VERBS 2/ MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS LAY SENGHOR 81

What is an auxiliary verb? l Definition: An auxiliary verb is a kind of verbs which is used with other verbs to express moods or tense. can ought to LAY SENGHOR be will dare do have shall may must used to need 82

What is a principle auxiliary verb? l Definition: A principle auxiliary verb is a special verb which can be used to help simple verbs make negative, interrogative sentence and to create tense and aspect. Ex- She does not speak English. LAY SENGHOR 83

KINDS OF PRINCIPLE AUXILIARY VERB Principle auxiliary verbs are 3 DO LAY SENGHOR BE HAVE 84

What is a modal verb? l Definition: A modal verb is a kind of verbs which is used to modify the meaning of the main verbs in some ways. A modal verb is a kind of verbs that is used to express necessity or possibility, and change the main verb in that sense. LAY SENGHOR 85

HOW TO NOTE MODAL VERB IN SENTENCES 1/ Modal verbs have no –s / es / ies form. 2/ Modal verbs have no –to infinitive form. 3/ Modal verbs have no – participle form. 4/ Modal verbs form the questions by inversion and negatives by adding ( not ). LAY SENGHOR 86

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS ARE CAN MAY DARE WILL NEED SHALL MUST LAY SENGHOR USED TO OUGHT TO 87

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS ARE DIVIDED INTO 2 PURE MODALS MAY OUGHT TO CAN WILL SHALL MUST LAY SENGHOR SEMI-MODALS NEED DARE USED TO 88

What is a pure modal auxiliary verb? l Definition: A pure modal auxiliary verb is used to express ideas in sentences. Ex- I could swim quite well when I was younger. Ex- Bush, former president of the United States of America, must resign after election. 016 940 392 LAY SENGHOR 89

What is a semi-modal auxiliary verb? l Definition: A semi-modal auxiliary verb is a kind of modal auxiliary verbs which is partly like modal verbs and partly like main verbs. Ex- I need not come to work tomorrow. Ex- Palin used to speak English at home. LAY SENGHOR 90

What is an impersonal verb? l Definition: An impersonal verb is a verb which is used to express a natural phenomenon and a measurement. Ex- It takes three hours to get to the airport. Ex- It takes five kilometers from my house to the college. LAY SENGHOR 91

What is a non-finite verb? l Definition: A non-finite verb is a verb that does not change to subject and tense. Ex- Obama wants to reform his nation after Bush’s administration. Ex- Clinton stopped working as a senator in New York after election. LAY SENGHOR 92

NON-FINITE VERB IS DIVIDED INTO 3 INFINITIVE LAY SENGHOR GERUND PARTICIPLE 93

What is an infinitive verb? l Definition: An infinitive verb is a name of certain verb forms that exists in many languages. 016 940 392 An infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle ( to ). LAY SENGHOR 94

KINDS OF INFINITIVE VERB INFINITIVE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 3 l l l BARE INFINITIVE FULL INFINITIVE SPLIT INFINITIVE LAY SENGHOR 95

What is a bare infinitive? l Definition: A bare infinitive verb is a kind of verbs that is not preceded by infinitive marker. Ex- appreciate, felicitate, coordinate, persue, reproduce………… LAY SENGHOR 96

HOW TO USE BARE INFINITIVE 1/ Bare infinitive is used as the main verb after the dummy auxiliary verb ( do ) or most modal auxiliary verbs ( can, will. . ). 2/ Bare infinitive is used after several verbs of perception ( see, watch, hear and sense ) take a direct object and a bare infinitive, where the bare infinitive indicates an action taken by the main verb’s direct object. LAY SENGHOR 97

3/ Bare infinitive is used after several verbs of permission or causation including ( make, bid, let, and have ). Ex- She always makes me cry. 4/ Bare infinitive is used as present subjunctive form and imperative form. Ex- PAD always demands Thai prime minister be dismissed. LAY SENGHOR 98

Ex- I heard Cambodian prime minister speak in the conference yesterday. Ex- I see a prisoner be beaten in Uganda. Ex- Sarah Palin watches her speech be broadcast on CNN everyday. Ex- Obama feels USA be transformed after election campaign. LAY SENGHOR 99

What is a full infinitive verb? l Definition: A full infinitive verb is a kind of verbs which is preceded by infintive marker. Ex- to resume, to conduct, to detain, to kiss, to judge, to arbitrate………. . LAY SENGHOR 100

HOW TO USE FULL INFINITIVE 1/ Full infinitive is used like a noun phrase to be a subject of a verb. Ex- To speak is very difficult. 2/ Full infinitive is used like an adjective or adverb, expressing purpose or intent. Ex- He is the man to talk to. LAY SENGHOR 101

3/ Full infinitive is used as an object of a verb. Ex- She wants to speak English with me. 4/ Full infinitive is used after the direct object of many transitive verbs. Ex- I asked her to make his case on his behalf. LAY SENGHOR 102

What is a cleft infinitive? l Definition: A cleft infinitive verb is a verb form with an element, usually an adverb, interposed between infinitive marker and the verb form. 016 940 392 to + adverb + verb LAY SENGHOR 103

HOW TO USE CLEFT INFINITIVE 1/ Cleft infinitive verb is used to emphasize subject. Ex- He wants me to strongly cry. Ex- Hillary wants Obama to strictly revise the USA after election. Ex- Palin wants Prad Pitt to strongly love her after marriage. LAY SENGHOR 104

What is a gerund? l Definition: A gerund is a verbal form that ends in – ing and functions in a sentence as a noun. FORM VERB + ING LAY SENGHOR 105

HOW TO USE GERUND 1/ Gerund can be used as a subject. Ex- Travelling might satisfy your desire for new experience. 2/ Gerund can be used as direct object. Ex- They do not appreciate my singing. 3/ Gerund can be used as subjective complement. Ex- My cat’s favourite activity is sleeping. LAY SENGHOR 106

4/ Gerund can be used as object of preposition. Ex- The police arrested him for speeding. 5/ Gerund can be used after verb pattern: l admit, avoid, carry on, consider, delay, deny, dislike, can’t help, enjoy, finish LAY SENGHOR 107

justify, keep, mention, mind, practise give up, imagine, include, involve…. . 6/ Gerund can be used after special phrases: l to be busy, couldn’t help, don’t mind, feel like, how about, it is no good it is no use, spend on time, there is no point, what a bout, worth… LAY SENGHOR 108

What is a participle? l Definition: A participle is a verbal form having some characteristics and functions of both verb and adjective. A participle is a verb form that combines with an auxiliary verb to indicate certain tenses. LAY SENGHOR 109

PARTICIPLE IS DIVIDED INTO 2 PRESENT PARTICIPLE V + ING LAY SENGHOR PAST PARTICIPLE V +ED/ V 3 110

What is present participle verb? l Definition: A present participle verb is a kind of verbs that ends in –ing form and functions as verb and as attributive verb. Ex- talking, swimming, starting, making travelling, studying, moving, being……. LAY SENGHOR 111

HOW TO USE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 1/ The present participle is used to form the present action or progressive aspect. Ex- Susanna is learning English at CUE. 2/ The present participle is used as adjective to modify noun. Ex- The watering can that is used by Obama is mine. LAY SENGHOR 112

3/ The present participle is used to modify a verb or sentence. Ex- Broadly speaking, the project was successful. Ex- Broadly smiling, Hillary got expertise from college in New York in 2009. LAY SENGHOR 113

What is a past participle verb? l Definition: A past participle verb is a kind of verbs that is finished by ( suffix -ed ) or changed to other form that depends on verbs. Ex- visited, wanted, cried, stayed allowed, spoken, written, paid…. . LAY SENGHOR 114

HOW TO USE PAST PARTICIPLE VERB 1/ Past participle verb is used to form perfect aspect. Ex- He has studied English since 1999. 2/ Past participle verb is used to form passive voice. Ex- The chicken was eaten after two- hour cook yesterday. LAY SENGHOR 115

3/ Past participle verb is used to modify a noun, active sense. Ex- Our fallen comrades… 4/ Past participle verb is used to modify a noun, passive sense. Ex- The attached files…… LAY SENGHOR 116

5/ Past participle verb is used to modify a verb or sentence. Ex- Seen from his perspective, the problem presents no easy solution. Ex- Considered as a hero in the USA, Obama tried best to restore the nation. LAY SENGHOR 117

What is an adverb? l Definition: An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, a clause or a whole sentence. Ex- Obama absolutely wants to solve the conflict between Pakistan and the USA. LAY SENGHOR 118

KINDS OF ADVERB IS DIVIDED INTO PLACE 7 MANNER INTERROGATIVE TIME FREQUENCY LAY SENGHOR DEGREE AFFIRMATION 119

What is an adverb of place? l Definition: An adverb of place is a kind of adverbs that is used to show where the action happens. Ex- Please wait for me right here. LAY SENGHOR 120

What is an interrogative adverb? l Definition: An interrogative adverb is a kind of adverbs that is used to make questions. Ex- Where is he from? Ex- Why are you so late? LAY SENGHOR 121

What is an adverb of frequency? l Definition: An adverb of frequency is one that is used to show often the action happens. Ex- I have told him twice about that. Ex- My secretary often makes mistakes. LAY SENGHOR 122

What is an adverb of time? l Definition: An adverb of time is an adverb that is used to show when the action happens. Ex- I have heard this story before. LAY SENGHOR 123

What is an adverb of manner? l Definition: An adverb of manner is an adverb that is used to show the action is done. Ex- The teacher reads the text clearly. Ex- The short course is well organized. LAY SENGHOR 124

What is an adverb of degree? l Definition: An adverb of degree or quantity is a kind of adverbs that is used to show much or in what degree or what extent the action happens. Ex- He was too careless in his speech. LAY SENGHOR 125

What is an adverb of affirmation? l Definition: An adverb of affirmation is a kind of adverbs which is used to indicate that a statement is true or that in some other ways to affirm it. Ex- I have definitely decided to go to Paris. LAY SENGHOR 126

ADVERB EQUIVALENT l Adverb equivalent is a kind of adverbs that is made from: 1/ Some adjectives. Ex- We take a fast train. 2/ Adverb phrase Ex- Sok studies hard to become a good doctor in his country. LAY SENGHOR 127

3/ Adverb clauses Ex- Sok reads the newspaper while he is riding on the bus. Ex- His wife follows him wherever he goes. Ex- We go early so that we can get the good seats. LAY SENGHOR 128

FORMATIONS OF ADVERB 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ NOUN + WARD A + NOUN IN + NOUN AL + ADVERB ADV + PRE SOME + HOW LAY SENGHOR eastward… away, afire indeed…… already…… whenever… hereby…. somehow…. 129

FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB 1/ Adverb is used to modify a verb Ex- Linda runs quickly out of the house. 2/ Adverb is used to modify an adjective Ex- Those workers are quite lazy. 3/ Adverb is used to modify another adverb Ex- Hillary studies hard during the exam. LAY SENGHOR 130

4/ Adverb is used to modify adverbial clause Ex- I like this house simply because it is near the supper market. 5/ Adverb is used to modify adverbial phrase Ex- I see an angel flying exactly over my house. 6/ Adverb is used to modify a whole sentence EX- May be, I will go with you. LAY SENGHOR 131

What is an adjective? l Definition: An adjective is a word that is used to modify the meaning of noun. Ex- Cambodian country, ugly face LAY SENGHOR 132

KINDS OF ADJECTIVE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO PROPER 8 RELATIVE INDEFINITE DESCRIPTIVE INTERROGATIVE NUMERAL DEMONSTRATIVE POSSESSIVE LAY SENGHOR 133

What is a proper adjective? l Definition: A proper adjective is an adjective that delivered from proper nouns. Ex- Cambodia England Angkor LAY SENGHOR Cambodian English Angkorian 134

What is a descriptive adjective? l Definition: A descriptive adjective is an adjective that tells something aout the nature, appearence and properties of noun. Ex- beautiful girl, round table, deep sea ugly face, big guy, small chair………. . . LAY SENGHOR 135

What is a numeral adjective? l Definition: A numeral adjective is an adjective which is used to tell the number. 2 cardinal LAY SENGHOR ordinal 136

What is a relative adjective? l Definition: A relative adjective is a kind of adjectives that is used to introduce a noun clause. They qualify a noun in the subordinate clause. Ex- You may take whichever book you like. LAY SENGHOR 137

What is an interrogative adjective? l Definition: An interrogative adjective is an adjective that is used to make questions. Ex- Which student is cleverest in the class? Ex- What color is the best? LAY SENGHOR 138

What is a possessive adjective? l Definition: A possessive adjective is a kind of adjectives that stands before noun to show possession. Ex- Where is your suitcase? LAY SENGHOR 139

What is an indefinite adjective? l Definition: An indefinite adjective is an adjective that stands before nouns to show a certain quantity. Ex- I met some US soliers on my way home. LAY SENGHOR 140

What is a demonstrative adjective? l Definition: A demonstrative adjective is an adjective that is used to point out person or thing. Ex- That villa is newly built. Ex- Those men are candidates. LAY SENGHOR 141

What is a compound adjective? l Definition: A compound adjective is a kind of adjectives that is formed from present participle NOUN+ adjective past participle noun+ ed LAY SENGHOR 142

Ex- house-keeping, home-made dog-cared, lion-hearted……. ADJECTIVE + adjective present participle past participle noun + ed LAY SENGHOR 143

Ex- dark-blue, light-green, soft-spoken sweet-smiling, long-lived, four-footed ADVERB+ present participle past participle Ex- hard-working, well-advised, well-done LAY SENGHOR 144

What is an adjective equivalent? l Definition: An adjective equivalent is an adjective which is formed from 1/ Present participle Ex- I hear the singing bird in the bush. 2/ Past participle Ex- She found her lost pendant yesterday LAY SENGHOR 145

3/ Absolute adjective phrase Ex- That girl is wearing a hat bigger than her head. 4/ Present participle phrase Ex- The man sitting on the bench is an English teacher. 5/ Past participle phrase Ex- The wach found yesterday is mine. LAY SENGHOR 146

6/ Infinitive phrase Ex- Hurry up, it is about time to go to the airport. 7/ Prepositional phrase Ex- He is a man of action. 8/ Relative pronoun Ex- The girl who loves me is Palin. 9/ Relative adverb LAY SENGHOR 147

FORMATIONS OF ADJECTIVE SOME ADJECTIVES ARE FORMED +ful +less +y +eous LAY SENGHOR +ary NOUN +ly +an +en +ant +ar +some +like +ate +ous +ious +ory +ent +al +ic +ial 148

Ex- windy, foggy, airy, leafy hopeful, painful, fearful hopeless, painless mountainous, dangerous, courageous distant, vacant, confident, frequent formal, cultural, colonial, industrial artistic, democratic, patriotic, friendly LAY SENGHOR 149

motherly, teacherly, monthly, yearly daily, lifelike, warlike, familiar, circular congratulatory, honorary, necessary satisfactory, fortunate, wooden, African Cambodian, bothersome……………… LAY SENGHOR 150

ADJECTIVES FORMED FROM ANOTHER ADJECTIVES al some ADJECTIVE+ ish LAY SENGHOR fold 151

Ex- classical, periodical, historical greenish, whitish, reddish, bluish twofold, threefold, manyfold wholesome, gladsome, worrysome A IN IR DIS IM UN PRO IL NON LAY SENGHOR + ADJECTIVE 152

Ex- atropic, disagreeable, disobedient disloyal, illegal, illogical, illegible immoral, impossible, impolite, invisible irregular, unlucky, pro-governmental nonexistent, nonpolitical, pro-royalistic anti-governmental, under-developed. . LAY SENGHOR 153

IVE VERB+ active restorative ABLE eatable IBLE beakable visible LAY SENGHOR 154

POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVE IN SENTENCES 1/ Generally before a noun Ex- He is a good student. 2/ After linking verbs Ex- Hillary looked pale after election campaign in 2008. 3/ After a noun Ex- Book one, Orussey two, two meters deep, 19 years old, …………. LAY SENGHOR 155

The end ! For further information, contact LAY SENGHOR 016 940 392 156