Particle accelerators on earth Motivation Basic principles of

Particle accelerators on earth Motivation Basic principles of charged particle beams 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 1

Motivation • Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science • Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation • Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 2

Motivation • Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science • Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation • Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 3

Big bang inflationary expansion nucleons Atoms 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann Stars 4

The Large hadron collider • 27 km circumference • contains 7 detectors • allows proton-proton and Pb-Pb collisions http: //www. greatdreams. com/hadron_collider. htm 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 5

The Large hadron collider • center-of-mass energy: – 13 Te. V for protons – 1148 Te. V for Pb • Protons reach 99, 9999991 % of the speed of light http: //home. cern/topics/ large-hadron-collider 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 6

The ATLAS experiment http: //www. atlas. ch/photos/full-detector-photos. html 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 7

The ATLAS experiment 3. 11. 2015 http: //scipp. ucsc. edu/personnel/atlas. html 8

http: //atlas. ch/photos/events-simulated-higgs-boson. html 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 9

Nuclear physics-ISOLDE • creating of atomic nucleis • ionization, extraction and separation of the emerging nuclides • study of nuclear reactions radioactive projectiles http: //home. cern/about/experiments/isolde 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 10

https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation#/medi a/File: Syncrotron. png 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 11

Photon science - XFEL • Electromagnetic fields accelerate electrons • they are directed through special arrangements of magnets to create synchrotron radiation http: //www. xfel. eu/overview/in_brief/ 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann http: //www. xfel. eu/overview/in_brief/ 12

Application of accelerators Category of accelerator usage Numbers in use High energy physics 40 Radiotherapy >4000 Biomedical research 800 Medical radioisotope production 200 Accelerators in industry 1500 Ion implanters >2000 Surface modification 1000 Synchrotron radiation source 50 Total in 1994 10. 000 Nowadays 30. 000 <1% is used for particle physics 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 13

Motivation • Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science • Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation • Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 14

Electron beam processing - cross linking • molecules are bond together • is used to work on: – plastic packages – motor car tires – cables http: //www. wasik. com/applications. html 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 15

Electron beam processing https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Electron_beam_processing 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 16

Electron beam processing Sterilization • Particle beams may be used to: – kill bacteria and viruses – change the chemical behavior of substances 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 17

Required doses Radiation effect Dose requirements [J/kg] Radiography 1 -10 *10^-3 Deadly dose to humans 0. 4 – 0. 5 Drinking water cleanup 250 – 500 Insect control (grains, fruits) 250 – 500 Fungi and mould control 1– 3 Food damaging bacteria 1– 3 Smoke ( 10 – 30 and ) scrubbing Polymerization of monomers 10 – 50 Modification of polymers 50 – 250 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 18

Particle accelerators used in the industry https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Particle_accelerator 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 19

Ion implantation • change the electrical behavior – semiconductors – superconductors • harden the surface http: //www. lookfordiagnosis. com/mesh_info. php? term=Se miconductors&lang=1 – ball bearings – hip and knee joints • avoid corrosion http: //bob-bearing. en. made-in-china. com 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 20

Ion implantation 3. 11. 2015 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ion_implantation 21

Motivation • Fundamental and applied research – particle physics – nuclear physics – photon science • Industrial Process using accelerators – electron beam processing – sterilization – ion implantation • Medical applications – imaging – tumor treatment 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 22

Medical application-imaging • Radiography http: //www. schule-bw. de 3. 11. 2015 • Positron emission tomography (PET) https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography Armin Freimann 23

Medical application-tumor treatment • tumors cells are destroyed: – with X-rays – with protons https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Radiation_therapy 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 24

Principles of charged particle beams • Lorentz Force: – if electric and magnetic fields cause the same force when we assume that => 1 T gets the same force as 300 MV/m 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 25

Principles of charged particle beams 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 26

Arrangement of magnets and electric fields http: //kids. britannica. com/comptons/art-124574/Particlesare-injected-into-the-ring-of-an-alternating-gradient 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 27

Principles of charged particle beams http: //homepages. physik. unimuenchen. de/~Otmar. Biebel/beschleuniger_ 04. pdf 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 28

Magnetic rigidity 3. 11. 2015 Armin Freimann 29