PARTICIPIAL PHRASE PARTICIPLE A Participle is a verb
“PARTICIPIAL PHRASE”
PARTICIPLE A Participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective by modifying nouns and pronouns. A participle can be either a present participle or a past participle. Examples : v Shivering, the couple ran out of the rain and into the house. (Shivering is the present participle. It modifies couple) v Quickly checking over his answers, Patrick handed in his test just before time ran out. (Checking is the present participle, and quickly checking over his answers is the participial phrase. The participial phrase modifies Patrick) v The broken window needed to get repaired quickly. (Broken is the past participle. It modifies window) v Injured during the soccer match, Marco had to leave the field. (Injured is the past participle, and injured during the soccer match is the participial phrase. The participial phrase modifies Marco)
PARTICIPIAL Phrase are groups of words, without both a subject and a verb, functioning as a single part of speech. Participial phrase consists of a participle along with all of its modifiers and complements. Examples : Babies crying in the night bother me The participial phrase is crying in the night It modifies the noun babies Food frozen for over five years tastes icky The participial phrase is frozen for over five years It is modifies the noun food Burned on each side, the toast was inedible The participial phrase is burned on each side It modifies the noun toast
Participial Phrases From Relative Clauses A participial relative clause is a clause which resembles a relative clause, but which contains a participle instead of a finite verb. In the following examples, the firs member of the pair contains a participial relative clause while the second contains an equivalent full relative clause. Examples : The passenggers injured in the accident were taken to hospital. The passenggers who were injured in the accident were taken to hospital. The boy standing at the gate is my son. The boy who is standing at the gate is my son The man arrested for stealing the watch has been released. The man who was arrested for stealing the watch has been released.
Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrase v Participial phrase, like adjective cluses, can be restrictive (necessary) or nonrestrictive (unnecessary) v A non restrictive phrases is separated from the rest of the sentence by comma. v The position of a participial phrases in a sentence depends on whether it is restrictive or nonrestrictive, or whether it modifies on entire clause
Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrases 1. A restrictive participial phrase can only follow the noun it modifies and doesn’t have comma. Example : a woman hurrying to catch a bus tripped and fell. 3. Sometimes a participial phrase modifies an entire independent clauses. In this case, it follows the clause and requires a comma. Example : The team won the championship, shocking their opponents. 2. A non restrictive participial phrase can go before or follow the noun it modifies and is separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. Example : David, hurrying to catch a bus, stumbled and fell. Hurrying to catch a bus, David stumbled and fell. Note : when you begin a sentence with a participial phrase, make certain that the phrase modifies the subject of the sentence, if it does not it is incorrect
General form participial active voice ACTIVE FORM In active sentence, the thing doing the action is the subject of sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active. ( thing doing action) + (verb) + (thing receving action) Example : - The professor teaches the students - John washes the dishes
General form passive voice & stative voice What is passive voice: The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is. Example: My laptop was stolen. (the object- now the subject=My laptop/action=was stolen) A. Passive: Napa Valley is known for its excellen wines. B. Active: (many people) know Napa Valley for s excellent wines A. Passive: Twenty civilian were killed in the bomb explosion B. Active: Someone killed twenty civilian in the bomb explosion
The passive agent When we know who the subject is, we put it at the end with by. We call this an agent. Passive: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (agent =Leonardo Da Vinci ) Active: Leonaro Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. Most writing instructors and editors recommend against using the passive voice, when possible. The reason for this is that when you use the active voice, your writing is clearer and less complicated. Active: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, a police officer pulled him over and gave him a speeding ticket. Passive: While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, he was pulled over and given a ticket by a police officer. If it’s a long sentence and you know who the subject is, it’s best to use the active voice. The passive is often used to report something or to state a fact. Highway 15 was closed yesterday due to a serious road accident. A lot of corn is grown in Iowa.
Stative Verbs What are Stative Verbs? Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and measurements. These verbs are not usually used with ing in progressive (continuous) tenses even though they may take on time expressions such as now and at the moment. We use the simple tenses for them. Paul feels rotten today. He has a bad cold. Do you recognize him? He is a famous rock star. Our client appreciated all the work we did for him. Incorrect: I’m smelling your wife’s wonderful spaghetti sauce. Correct: I smell your wife’s wonderful spaghetti sauce. However, there are some verbs that look like they should be stative, but may appear in the ing form. These verbs differ in meaning to the stative verbs.
Stative Verb Examples: see - I see Michael, but he can’t see me. I’m too far away. (I see him with my eyes. ) - James is seeing Marsha. They’ve been together for a month. (He’s dating her. ) hear - I hear music coming from the Smith’s apartment. Someone must be home now. (To experience sound) - I’m hearing voices. (I’m imagining it) have - Jeremy has a Mercedes. (He owns it. ) - Sara is having lunch with her editor. (She’s eating lunch)
Continous Form Participle Continuous tenses are formed with the verb be and the –ing form of the verb. It gives the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action begins before, is in progress during, and continuous after another time or action. v Present continuous participle: The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb. [am/is/are + present participle] Examples : They are reading their books I am reading the book Tom Sawyer I am not going to the party tonight.
v Past continuous participle: The past continuous is formed from the past tense of be with the -ing form of the verb. [was/were + present participle] For example: You were studying when she called I was watching TV when she called Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I was studying while he was making dinner. v Future continuous participle: Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing. " Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable. Will: [will be + present participle] Be going to: [am/is/are + going to be + present participle] For example: I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
Perfect Form Participle The perfect participial it is used to indicates completed action A perfect participial is a particial that expresses an action or state as just finished For example : 1. Having deliverd the message, he left immediately. 2. Having finished his work, Harry was ready for play. 3. The child, having found it’s mother, was again happy. The perfect participial can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if Ø One action ( the one where the perfect participial is used) is completed before the next action starts. Example : she bought a bike and cycled home – having bought a bike, she cycled
Ø One action has been going on for period of time when another action starts. Example : - He had been living there for such a long time that he didn’t want to move to another time. - Having lived there for such a long time, he didn’t want to move to another town. Ø The perfect participial can be used for active and passive voice - Active voice : having + past participial (having cooked, he set the table ) - Passive voice : having been + past participial ( having been cooked, the food looked delicious)
SOURCE : www. english-grammar-revolution. com/participles. html www. englishgrammar. org/participial-adjective-participia-relative-clause/ http: //www. englishpage. com/ https: //learnenglish. britishcouncil. org
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