Part 1 Stalin Origins and rise 1924 29

Part 1: Stalin: Origins and rise (1924 -29)

I. Origins of Stalin A. Stalin Before the Revolution • • • Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili Influences: Messame Dassy, Marxism Early Revolutionary Activity: RSDLP B. Stalin During the 1917 Revolution C. Stalin After the Bolshevik Revolution • • • Sovnarkom: Commissar of Nationalities Conflict with Lenin Stalin as an Organizational Leader: Politburo, Orgburo, Secretariat

II. Context of Stalin’s Rise A. Russian Civil War (1918 -23) • • War Communism Kronstadt Uprising B. Role of the Politburo C. Adoption of the NEP (1921) • Scissors Crisis D. Resolution on Party Unity E. Lenin’s Illness • Lenin’s Testament

Right Opposition Left Opposition Stalin’s Opposition Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Leon Trotsky Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

III. Russia by 1924 A. Characteristics of Lenin’s State: • • Free Speech/Political Dissent Restrictions on Religious Freedom Purges & Show Trials Abolition of Trade Unions Concentration Camps Bureaucratic, One-Party State Secret Police

IV. Communist Party Structure General Secretary Power Politburo Central Committee Congress of Soviets Democratic Centralism

Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Leon Trotsky Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s Rise A. Stage One: Lenin & Stalin • • • Lenin’s Poor Health Cult of Lenin’s Funeral Suppression of Lenin’s Testament The Lenin Enrolment Leninism/Stalinism B. Key Ideas

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s Rise C. Stage Two: Elimination of Trotsky • Trotsky is Stalin’s Chief Rival • Ideological Differences: “Permanent Revolution” • • “Socialism in One Country” Formation of the Triumvir (1923 -24) Trotsky is marginalized

Triumvir Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Leon Trotsky Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s Rise D. Stage Three: Defeat of the Left Opposition • Changes to the Politburo: • • Stalin supporters: Molotov, Kalinin, and Voroshilov Controversy Over the NEP • • Left Opposition: Kamenev and Zinoviev Stalin and Bukharin E. Stage Four: Defeat of the United Opposition • • Formation of the United Opposition (1926) Reaction by Stalin • • Expulsion of Kamenev and Zinoviev Exile of Trotsky

Team Stalin Triumvir Molotov Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Kalinin Voroshilov Nikolai Bukharin

V. Key Stages in Stalin’s Rise F. Stage 5: Defeat of the Right Opposition/Right Deviationists • • Formation of the Right Opposition: Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky The War Scare The Turn Left (1927) Defeat of the Right Opposition G. Stalin as a SPS Leader

Team Stalin Down with the NEP! War Molotov Left UNITED OPPOSITION Scare! Turn! Kalinin Voroshilov FACTIONALISM Grigory Zinoviev Lev Kamenev Leon Trotsky Right Opposition Alexei Rykov Mikhail Tomsky Nikolai Bukharin

VI. Analysis of Stalin’s Rise A. Was Stalin’s Rise Legal? • YES! B. Was Stalin’s Rise Popular? • • YES NEPMEN & Kulaks VS Russia

VI. Analysis of Stalin’s Rise C. What accounts for Stalin’s Rise (Historiography)? • Terminology • • Liberal & Intentionalist (Great Man Theory/Strong Leader) Structuralist & Determinist (Weak Leader)

What accounts for Stalin’s Rise (Historiography)? Power Politics Key Ideas Supporters Structuralism Socio-Cultural Ideology