Part 1 Organisms and their Relationships Biotic and

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Biotic and Abiotic Factors How would something be classified as “Biotic”? 1. They must be composed of cells. 2. Complex organization patterns are found in all living organisms (i. e. , cell tissue organ…) 3. Living organisms use energy. 4. Living organisms must maintain a state of homeostasis. 5. All organisms develop and change over time. 6. All organisms have the potential to reproduce, either sexually or asexually.

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic • The living factors in an organism’s environment Abiotic • The nonliving factors in an organism’s environment

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Levels of Organization Just to review, let’s start with the atom… Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organism Population Biological Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Ecological Levels of Organization • Organism: An individual • Population: Individual organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time. • Biological Community: A group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time.

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Levels of Organization • Ecosystem: A biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. • Biome: A large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. • Biosphere: All biomes together; the Earth

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Ecosystem Interactions • Habitat: An area where an organism lives • Niche: The role or position that an organism has in its environment

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Habitat vs. Niche “By analogy, it may be said that the habitat is the organism's ‘address’, and the niche is its ‘profession’, biologically speaking. ”

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Habitat vs. Niche A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor Limiting factor: Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors 1. Amount of water 2. Amount of food 3. Temperature

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Feeding Relationships There are 3 main types of feeding relationships 1. Producer Consumer 2. Predator Prey 3. Parasite Host

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem • Autotroph: An organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food. (Producer) • Heterotroph: An organism that gets its energy requirements by consuming other organisms. (Consumer)

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Different types of Heterotrophs • Herbivore: Eats only plants • (Deer, rabbits, grasshoppers, etc. ) • Carnivore: Prey on other heterotrophs • (Wolves, lions, cats, etc. ) – Scavengers feed on carrion (dead animals) • (Hyenas, vultures, some crabs, etc. ) • Omnivore: Eat both plants and animals • (Bears, humans, mockingbirds, etc. ) – Detritivores: Eat fragments of dead matter • (Earthworms, millipedes, etc. ) • Decomposers: Chemically breaks down dead matter • (Bacteria and fungi)

Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships Symbiotic relationships • Mutualism: When both organisms benefit – Lichens • Commensalism: One organism benefits, while the other is neither helped nor harmed. – Epiphytes (i. e. , Bromeliads) • Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of the other. – Parasitoid wasp eggs on a tomato hornworm

Part 1 Review: Organisms and their Relationships Community Interactions Niche competition Carnivore Mutualism • Competition: More than one organism uses a resource at the same time. • Predation: The act of one organism consuming another organism for food. • Symbiosis: The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together.

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow • Trophic Levels: Each step in a food chain or food web. – Autotrophs always make up the first trophic level in ecosystems. – Heterotrophs make up the remaining levels

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow • Food chains: A simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow • Food webs: A model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows.

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow • Ecological pyramids: A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. – Biomass: The total mass of living matter at each trophic level

Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem What does your graph tell you?

Part 3: Cycling of Matter • Cycles in the Biosphere – Natural processes cycle matter through the atmosphere – The exchange of matter through the biosphere is called the biogeochemical cycle. • Bio: Involves living things • Geo: Geological Processes • Chemical: Chemical Processes

Part 3: Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles • Short term cycle – Autotrophs use CO 2 for Photosynthesis ______. – Heterotrophs produce CO 2 during ____ Cellular Respiration _____.

Part 3: Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles 1. Long term cycle: Fossil Fuels – – Organic matter is buried underground and converted to peat, coal, oil or gas deposits. 5. 5 billion tons are burned each year and 3. 3 billion tons stay in the atmosphere, the rest dissolves in sea water* http: //www. ucar. edu/ (The National Center for Atmospheric Research)

Part 3: Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles • Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is a greenhouse gas and traps heat in the atmosphere. http: //www. ucar. edu/ (The National Center for Atmospheric Research)

Part 3: Cycling of Matter Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen comprises the bulk of the atmosphere (approximately 78%). • Most of it is unusable.