PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Parking pricing and management

PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Parking pricing and management www. transportlearning. net

Parking policy PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Problems – negative impacts Typical policy development Policy conflicts What do local authorities control? Regulating and enforcing on-street parking Off-street parking Effect of parking on economic vitality Park and ride Gaining acceptance for parking policy Some conclusions www. transportlearning. net

Structure of seminar PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT At the end of today’s class you should have an understanding of: • Some definitions • Parking – positive and negative impacts • Typical policy development, and policy conflicts • What do local authorities control? • Regulating and enforcing on-street parking • Off-street parking – types, costs, control, uses • Effect of parking on economic vitality • Park and ride • Gaining public acceptance for parking policy Lecture and tutorials to get you working with the material www. transportlearning. net

Some definitions PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT On-street Private non-residential (PNR) Pay and display parking meter Public off-street (can be in parking structures) www. transportlearning. net

Positive impacts of parking policy PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Has an impact on mode share Can support local economic development Major revenue earner Improves road safety Influences car ownership www. transportlearning. net

Negative impacts of parking PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Effect of on street parking (and parking search) on: n congestion, n road safety n environment n blocking bus lanes and stops; footways and crossings Off-street: n n Construction costs and space used n Surface - € 3 k/space n Structure – € 15 -20 k/space n Underground - € 25 k/space upwards Peak car journeys induced – esp. by PNR www. transportlearning. net

Task PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT For your town or city, what are the key problems and issues related to parking? Take 10 minutes working with your neighbour to think about this. Then we will discuss this, to look for commonalities – and differences. www. transportlearning. net

Policy conflicts PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Economic vitality Safety/ accessibility ? Demand/congestion management Revenue raising www. transportlearning. net

Typical development of a parking policy PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT From COST 342 (especially relevant to on-street policy) • Stage 1 – no problems, • Stage 2 – as demand > supply, regulations introduced • Stage 3 - demand further increases – time limits introduced to favour short stay shoppers, visitors • Stage 4 – commuters pushed further out – conflict with residents – residents’ zones introduced • Stage 5 – more and more differentiation of parking tariffs • Stage 6 – park and ride. • Stage 7 – inclusion of parking in mobility management www. transportlearning. net

What do local authorities control? PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT They control: • • • Regulation of on-street parking (In a few countries) enforcement of on-street parking Parking standards for new development Public off-street car parks that they own and/or run Car parks for their own staff BUT they don’t control: • PNR and residential parking, once built • Public off-street car parks that they don’t own and/or run • (In most countries) enforcement of on-street parking – including setting fines and collecting money www. transportlearning. net

So… parking policies to manage demand PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT www. transportlearning. net

Regulating/enforcing on-street parking PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Local authorities across Europe have powers Can take time to implement Consultation Enforcement powers • Differences across Europe • Trend (? ) from police to local authority • Parking low priority for police and courts E. g. of UK decriminalised parking system www. transportlearning. net

Some on-street parking prices PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Fee per hour (€) (2002) Vienna Brussels Paris Lyon Bremen Cologne Stuttgart Munich Dublin Amsterdam Maastricht Lisbon Madrid Barcelona Edinburgh Central London 0. 87 0. 50 1. 00 – 3. 00 1. 50 – 5. 00 0. 60 – 1. 50 1. 00 – 2. 00 0. 20 – 2. 00 – 2. 50 1. 00 – 1. 90 1. 60 - 2. 50 1. 40 0. 50 0. 60 – 1. 20 0. 90 – 1. 20 – 3. 00 7. 00 www. transportlearning. net

Off-street parking PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Public off-street vs private off-street (PNR) Major industry – who controls it? Prices – should be • < on-street? • Higher per hour for longer stays Who builds off-street public parking? Who pays for it? How much does it cost? Off-street parking for residents? • e. g. Lyon www. transportlearning. net

Parking and economic vitality PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Does more parking lead to a better economy? Does less parking lead to a worse economy? What role does parking play in: • Where shoppers choose to shop? • Where companies choose to locate? Are certain traders more dependent on parking than others? www. transportlearning. net

Park and ride 1 PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Why build park and ride? 1970 -1990 220% growth in P+R sites and 337% increase in P+R spaces in “Europe” (COST 342) Successful P+R needs: • Frequent fast (cheap) public transport to centre • Lack of parking in centre • Easy road access to car park • High quality secure facilities % of demand will come from trips previously made completely by PT Unofficial P+R? www. transportlearning. net

Park and ride 2 PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Effects of P+R on traffic (COST 342) • Vienna – P+R takes 12% of city centre-bound traffic • Chester – 20% • Madrid – 20, 000 users per day; Barcelona, 12, 000; Hanover, 10, 000. • Strasbourg – P+R key element in success of tram line. 43% of motorised trips now made by public transport. • Oxford, UK – 3 -9% reduction in city-centre bound traffic. www. transportlearning. net

Parking standards for new development PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT = amount of parking provided with new buildings Catering for demand or controlling demand? Relating parking provision to public transport accessibility Catering for specific users e. g. disabled, parents, cyclists Should there be central government guidance on parking standards? Response of developers to constraints on parking provision www. transportlearning. net

PPG 13 Parking standards (UK) PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT These are maximum standards • Food retail 1 space per 14 m 2 • Non food retail 1 space per 20 m 2 • Cinemas and conference facilities 1 space per 5 seats • B 1 including offices 1 space per 30 m 2 = 1 space per 2 -3 staff • Higher and further education - 1 space per 2 staff + 1 space per 15 students • Stadia 1 space per 15 seats • Residential (PPG 3) max 1. 5 spaces/house www. transportlearning. net

Parking standards elsewhere PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT • Europe moving towards maximum standards… www. transportlearning. net

Parking and mobility management PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Mobility management – use of “soft” measures to get more out of transport system Parking – manages mobility Mobility management should include: • Parking/park and ride information • Parking management at large employers and at events • Links between parking pricing/payment and public transport pricing/payment www. transportlearning. net

Implementing workplace parking management PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT When parking charging or rationing implemented as part of site-based mobility management, need to take into account: • Need for clear objectives and recognition of a problem • • Process of implementing charge Levels of charge, exemption from them Enforcement Employees’ contracts Administration Use of charge Overspill www. transportlearning. net

Gaining acceptance for parking policy PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Communication of changes and reasons for them Public know and understand the measures. Perceived benefit fees and other regulations related to size of problem. Alternative transport exists to a good standard. Revenue used fairly and transparently Parking regulations enforced consistently and fairly, Fines not excessive and related to seriousness of the offence www. transportlearning. net

Conclusions PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Parking - key determinant of mode choice Parking - key feature of urban transport policy Parking provision - should be controlled and related to accessibility by other modes? Link between parking and economic vitality – complex and unclear PNR can be addressed with political will Controlled zones can bring big local benefits Park and ride needs careful evaluation www. transportlearning. net

Task PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Read the summary of the conclusions from COST 342. Think – ready to discuss: • Are these conclusions relevant to your town and city? • Are there conclusions missing? • How would you go about implementing the recommendations? • What barriers would you face in implementing the recommendations? www. transportlearning. net

Task PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Work individually. You are responsible for the parking policy of your own town or city. For your city/town, you have to develop an outline of a parking strategy. You have 45 minutes to do this. In it, you must consider: • What are the most problematic issues? • What policies will you choose to implement, and why? • What will be the biggest barriers to implementing policy – and how might you try to overcome these? • Are there any problems/issues that you won’t be able to address effectively? • What further information do you need to be able to make effective decisions? www. transportlearning. net