Paratuberculosis in animals Ivo Pavlik Veterinary Research Institute

Paratuberculosis in animals Ivo Pavlik Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

Paratuberculosis (Johne‘s disease) 1895 Etiology: M. a. paratuberculosis Ayele et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 2001, 205 -224. http: //www. vri. cz/docs/vetmed/46 -8 -205. pdf

Clinical impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle

Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R. Milk production Cow Lactation Fec. culture ELISA Previous-P Last-L - + 10 176 - - 9 846 8 028 9 340 L – P - 2 148* - 506 *p 0. 01

Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R. Weight of new-born calves Mother Fec. culture - ELISA + - Calves (weight in kg) Bull 8 36. 6* 18 37. 9 Heifer 10 25. 9 20 36. 1 *p 0. 01

Clinical paratuberculosis in beef cow

The frequency of clinical signs in 225 cows culled animals (%) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 month 8 9 10 11 12

culled animals (%) Age of 225 animals with clinical paratuberculosis 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 age 6 7 8

Clinical paratuberculosis in fallow deer

The most often localisation of MAP infection Amemori et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 2004, 225 -236. http: //www. vri. cz/docs/vetmed/49 -7 -225. pdf

Pathologico-anatomical alterations: oedema, thickening and corrugation of mucousa Sheep Cow Ayele et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 2001, 205 -224. http: //www. vri. cz/docs/vetmed/46 -8 -205. pdf

Sampling of material for the isolation of MAP faeces lymph nodes intestine swabs non-vertebrates

Cultivation of M. a. paratuberculosis Prime-culture of faeces Subculture of isolates liquid medium Contamination blank growing

Fallow deer Moufflon Red deer white variant

Biological materials (GIT tissue samples) during 1992 to 2001 338 Cattle Sheep and goats Red deer Roe deer 905 Fallow deer Moufflon Total 4212 368 243 2010 348

The ruminants infected with paratuberculosis in GIT during 1993 to 2001 Cattle Sheep and goats Red deer Roe deer Fallow deer Moufflon 33 1010 17 32 Total 653 551

Incubation period of M. a. paratuberculosis isolated from the GIT Z-N positive GIT tissue Z-N negative GIT tissue 100 cattle 325 sheep+goats 8 cervids 31 moufflons 10 80 80 sheep+goats 25 cervids and moufflons 9 60 % % 60 cattle 225 40 40 20 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 months 6 7 8

Possible ways of transmission Pavlik et al. , Veterinary Microbiology, 77, 2000, 231 -251.

Infection after parturition in stable

Infection during the milk feeding period

Infection after parturition on pasture

RFLP types of MAP isolates from samples collected from farm A detection of RFLP types (%) 70 faeces 60 environment 50 40 30 20 10 0 A-C 10 B-C 1 B-C 9 B-C 10 RFLP type B-C 14

2 0 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 No. of herds Paratuberculosis in cattle (1961 -1990) 8 7 Czech Rep. imported 6 5 4 3 Herreford Danish red 1

No. of herds Paratuberculosis in cattle (1991 -2001) 20 Czech Rep. imported 16 12 8 4 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Types of breeds of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic (1992 -1998) 2. 3% 2. 8% 11. 3% 4. 7% 5. 4% 6. 1% 55. 8% 9. 3% Others PI 2. 1% HE 2. 1% BA 1. 9% LI 1. 2% BR 0. 4% BS 4. 0% GA BM HI PZ SA 4. 0% Holstein Charolais Mont Belliarde Aberdeen Angus Simental Fleckvieh Galloway Jersey other 11 breeds

Prevalence of selected infections and invasive diseases in imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic (1992 -1998) 19. 2% Trichophytosis 80. 8% 14. 5% 1. 5% 84. 0% IBR/IPV others: BVD Pasteurellosis IKKS Hypodermosis

Origin of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic (1992 -1998) 0. 3% 11, 1% 0. 3% 46. 8% % 0. 3% 4. 3 29. 1% 4. 8% 0. 3% 1. 5% 0. 3% 0. 7%

Origin of infected cattle herds (n=53) imported to the Czech Republic (1992 -1998) 27. 3 % 0% 0% 2. 6% 100% 17. 8% 5. 3% 0% 0% 66. 7%

Prevalence of paratuberculosis in imported cattle breeds HOLSTEIN 14. 2 MONT BELIARDE 15. 4 CHAROLAIS 19. 0

Spread of M. a. paratuberculosis infection by calves through 6 farms with 1 800 cows Pavlik et al. , Veterinary Microbiology, 45, 1995, 311 -318.

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 No. of herds Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats 4 Czech Rep. imported 3 2 1 0

M. a. paratuberculosis transmission from sheep to cattle herds

Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats No. of herds 4 3 2 ? ? 1 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Control programme of paratuberculosis in the Czech Republic • Control programme is subsidised by state from 1999 • The cost for two whole herd faecal culture of all animals older than 18 months is covered • Animals shedding M. a. paratuberculosis are culled • Compensation for slaughtered animals is covered by owners or in part by insurance companies Pavlik et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61 -70.

Paratuberculosis was controlled in 60 herds of ruminants during 1992 to 2001 Animal herd No. of herds cattle 53 sheep 1 Capricorn 1 antelope 1 moufflon 1 fallow deer 1 red deer 2 Total 60 Faecal culture examination was done (sedimentation method with 0. 75% HPC): 9 140 heads of cattle and 670 other ruminants

Successful control (60 herds evaluated) 8 (13. 3 %) Animal species: 7 herds of cattle, 1 herd of Capricorn

Control of paratuberculosis on farm M with 180 cows Pavlik et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61 -70.

The control programme underway (60 herds evaluated) 21 (35. 0 %) Animal species: 20 herds of cattle and 1 herd of deer

Control of paratuberculosis on farm HJ with 400 cows Pavlik et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61 -70.

Control of paratuberculosis on farm H with 180 cows Pavlik et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61 -70.

Radical method of control programme 23 (38. 3 %) Animal species: 18 cattle herd 1 deer herd 1 flock of goat 1 herd of antelope 1 fallow deer 1 herd of moufflon

Suspended control programme for financial reasons 8 (13. 3%) Animal species: 8 cattle herds

Risk factors for successful control of the disease 1. Late detection of the first case of infection 2. Rearing of calves with their mothers during the first 3 months 3. Movement of animals between herds 4. Progenies from infected mothers Pavlik et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61 -70.

B. Limiting factors 1. Low motivation of farmers to control the disease a. without clinical cases of paratuberculosis b. genetically valuable animals c. with animals prepared for the market d. breeding bulls 2. Lack of financial support for slaughtered animals a. clinical suspects for paratuberculosis b. clinical healthy shedders of MAP c. progenies from infected mothers Pavlik et al. , Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61 -70.

Occurrence of M. a. paratuberculosis in dairy farm Floor scrapings Feed Floor scrapings Wall scrapings Ficher et al. , Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003, 325 -328.

Occurrence of M. a. paratuberculosis in pasture

Sampling of field samples from a septic tank fixing of a jar with stopper submersion of a jar release of stopper from a jar pull a jar with a sediment

Occurrence of mycobacteria in a farm silage M. fortuitum, M. a. hominissuis serotypes 6 and 9 midden M. a. paratuberculosis silage M. gordonae, M. a. avium

Occurrence of M. a. paratuberculosis in milk

M. a. paratuberculosis in non-vertebrates

M. a. paratuberculosis in non-vertebrates Fischer et al. , Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15, 2001, 208 -211.

Drone fly (Eristalis tenax) – larva and pupa Machackova et al. , Veterinary Microbiology, 101, 2004, 225 -234.

Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) Fischer et al. : Nymphs of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) as passive vectors of mycobacterial infections. Med. Vet. Entomology, 17, 2003, 145 -150.

Fischer et al. : Findings of Mycobacteria in insectivores and small rodents. Folia Microbiologica, 45, 2000, 2, 147 -152.

Earth worms (Lumbricus terrestris) Fischer et al. : Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria. Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003, 325 -338.

Results 2. 0 % of 2 906 samples of the external environment 3. 0 % of 33 samples of earth worms 22. 2 % of 351 samples of larvae of drone flies (Eristalis tenax) 2. 0 % of 202 samples of dipterous flies of the family Scatophagidae: Scatophaga sp. Calliphoridae: Calliphora vicina Lucillia caesar

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