PARASITOLOGY PROTOZOAN METAZOAN HOSTPARASITE RELATIONSHIPS PARASITOLOGY Parasites as

PARASITOLOGY • PROTOZOAN – • METAZOAN – • HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS – –

PARASITOLOGY • Parasites as vectors for disease – – – • PARASITES as portals of entry – –

HEAVY INFESTATIONS • SUBLETHAL – – – • LETHAL – – • TOXICITY FROM PARASITES –

PROTOZOANS • SINGLE CELLED – Eukaryotic organisms • Amoeba – Paramoeba permaquidensis • FLAGELLATED – – Ichthyobodo (Costia) – Cryptobia – Hexamita

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA • CILIATED 2 + NUCLEI – – • Epistylis, Trichodina, Ichthyophthirius

PHYLUM MICROSPORA • THICK WALLED SPORES • LOMA - CYSTS IN GILLS

PHYLUM MYXOZOA • • •

MYXOBOLUS (MYXOSOMA) CEREBRALIS • WHIRLING DISEASE FIRST RECORDED IN RBT FROM GERMANY - 1903 USA IN FROZEN FISH 1956 • ORIGIN MAY HAVE BEEN NONPATHOGENIC PARASITE OF NATIVE SALMONIDS CENTRAL EUROPE AND NORTHERN ASIA BROWN TROUT AND ATL SALMON

M. CEREBRALIS • TROPHOZOITES DEVELOP IN CARTILAGE – – – • •

M. CEREBRALIS • • •

ANNELID WORM TUBIFEX • INTERMEDIATE HOST STAGE – SEPARATE TAXONOMY – • TRIACTINOMYXON – –

CONTROL/PREVENTION • CONCRETE RACEWAYS – • IMMUNITY? ? ? – • MANAGEMENT OF WILD STOCKS MONTANA, COLORADO – • IDAHO - MISSING FISH ?

REGULATIONS • FISH DISEASE EMERGENCY MEETING COLORADO MEETING 1988 • DELISTING FROM “TITLE 50” – –

CERATOMYXA SHASTA • SHASTA COUNTY 1948 – Multicellular trophozoites – Mature spores • TRANSMISSION – Water borne, seasonal

C. shasta • SALINITY – – • Symptoms – –

C. shasta • Intestinal infection – – • Kidney associated –

Detection and Control • DIAGNOSIS (confirmation) – – – • CONTROL –

PKD/PKX • Proliferative kidney disease – – • Symptoms – – –

METAZOAN PARASITES • PLATYHELMINTHES - FLAT WORMS • CESTODA - TAPEWORMS • TREMATODES - DIVERSE

CESTODES • ADULTS USUALLY IN INTESTINAL TRACK VERTEBRATES • HERMAPHRODITIC – – • REPRODUCTION – –

EXAMPLES OF LIFE CYCLES • Proteocephalid cestodes (Taenia) – Two fishes 1° host (LMB) and 1 st intermediate host copepod, 2 nd intermediate host is forage fish • Ligula intestinalis, described in 1758 – Adult form in piscivorous birds, eggs released to copepods (first intermediate host), to fish species (second intermediate host)

TREMETODES • MONOGENEA – – • SPECIES SPECIFIC (some) – – – • ANCHOR = PROHAPTOR, OPISHAPTOR • HERMAPHODITIC

DIGENEA - FLUKES • COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES – – –-

OTHER FLUKES • SANGUINICOLA – – –

ACANTHOCEPHALA • All require invertebrate host, usually arthropod (intermediate host) – – • Fish is final host

PHYLUM NEMATODA • MOST REQUIRE INTERMEDIATE HOST – –

Phylum ANNELIDA Hirudinea • Leeches feed on worms, insect larvae, snails, and all vertebrates including amphibians • Bisexual • Leeches attacking fishes are not host specific • LEECHES (QUESTION IHNV? )

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA • CLASS CRUSTACEA • sub class COPEPODS - SALMINCOLA - LERNAEA • BRANCHIURA - SEA LICE – –

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA • • FW CLAMS GLOCHIDIA – Ecology of FW Clams/ Distribution of Molluscs ESA issues - Dams Obstruct Fish Passage