Paraphrasing What do you need to paraphrase Paraphrase

Paraphrasing

What do you need to paraphrase? Paraphrase the materials that help you answer the questions of your assignment paper. Select the paragraphs you need to paraphrase.

Paraphrasing and plagiarism • Even with paraphrasing, you will still need to acknowledge the source from where you borrowed information without indicating the page number. • Failing to do this, even unintentionally, is considered as plagiarism. • When paraphrasing, you do not have to cite shared language (words that are widely used and can be found in multiple sources).

Steps to effective paraphrasing Read the original text to get an idea of the main points. When reading the text, try first to understand it as a whole, rather than pausing to write down specific ideas or phrases. Decide which paragraph(s) has information relevant to your topic.

• Read again afresh. • Look away and try to rewrite what you remember. • Look again at the original text then compare what you have written with the original text.

• Read the paragraph and look up word meanings in a dictionary www. thesaurus. com www. thefreedictionary. com • Delete details that are not needed, highlight important words. in that paragraph. • Remember that you can leave some words unchanged without using quotation marks (words like ‘environment, road, ship, fragrance, smoke’ are considered shared language and belong to every user).

1 st Strategy Findsynonymsfor forsome words

Example 1. The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. Example: the rise of the car industry matches the progress of contemporary capitalism.

Common Synonyms • • However Nonetheless Yet but • • Such as • • • Like • including • • necessary • Needed • required Due to Because of As a result of Can be attributed to • More recently • Lately • concerning • regarding • as to • • • causing Lead to therefore as a result so

Further Synonyms • Since • For • ago • during • over • Was considered as • happen • Was regarded as • Take place • Was a symbol of • occur • many • several • Instead • Rather than

Practice: Use synonyms to paraphrase this sentence. In 1980 the oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard persuaded the American navy to develop a suitable underwater search system.

2 nd Strategy Change to a different part Find synonyms for some of speech Change from noun Adjective verb noun adverb

Example: In the 1920 s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. Possible answer: In the 1920 s, with the help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors dominated the world’s car companies.

Use other parts of speech and synonyms The first expeditions to look for the Titanic were launched in 1963, but they mostly failed due to a lack of funding. The early expeditions to find the Titanic were launched in 1963, but they mostly were not successful because of lack of funding.

3 rd Strategy Find for somein Startsynonyms from somewhere words the middle or the end

example: There has been much debate about the reasons for the World Cup being held in Qatar, rather than in Russia or Japan. Possible answer The reason why the World Cup will be held in Qatar instead of the Russia or Japan, has been the subject of considerable discussion.

Practice: Now paraphrase using all the strategies you have just leaned. Because the Titanic had sunk in nearly 4, 000 metres of water, special submarines were necessary to reach the ship, making any search extremely expensive.