Paraphrase Writing Be different yet the same Objectives

Paraphrase Writing Be different, yet the same

Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1) 2) 3) 4) define what a paraphrase is; detail the steps in paraphrasing; identify some errors in paraphrasing; and write accurate paraphrase.

Paraphrase defined “restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form” - Merriam Webster Online Dictionary

Paraphrase defined “a full-length (complete) restatement or rewording of a passage. ” “rewrites the passage; but it presents the exact meaning or intention of the selection, and explains if necessary, what the original passage did not state so plainly. ”

State it in other ways "In the famous sketch from the TV show 'Monty Python's Flying Circus, ' the actor John Cleese had many ways of saying a parrot was dead: ‘This parrot is no more, ' 'He's expired and gone to meet his maker, ' ‘His metabolic processes are now history. '

Paraphrase involves… Translating from one register of language to another Ø From scientific to ordinary layman’s terms Ø From literary or poetic style to common discourse Ø From archaic writing to present usage Ø From slang to standard English

Guess what this is… Scintillate, scintillate globule aurific Fair would I fathom thy nature specific Loftily poised in the ether capacious Strongly resembling a gem carbonaceous Scintillate, scintillate globule aurific Fair would I fathom thy nature specific

Scintillate, scintillate globule aurific Fair would I fathom thy nature specific Loftily poised in the ether capacious Strongly resembling a gem carbonaceous Scintillate, scintillate globule aurific Fair would I fathom thy nature specific

Why paraphrase? § Your ability to restate ideas in your words shows you understand the subject matter. § You also demonstrate how your own ideas relate to and build on the ideas of other scholars.

Paraphrasing is really about: q. Understanding a passage q. Internalizing the meaning of the text q. Restating the important points in your own voice

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PARAPHRASE

1 • May be longer, shorter, or as long as the original selection. Length is not a consideration for as long as the paraphrase simplifies and explains the full meaning of a selection

2 • Maintains the tone of the original passage. The rewording remains faithful to the attitude of the writer.

3 • Uses simple vocabulary The syntax (or sentence structure and order) is also simple. The expression and flow of thought comes across as clear.

4 • Wording must be different from the original passage as much as possible. Challenge of paraphrasing is: To be different but the same!

5 • Must not contain information that is not in the original, but must not leave out important ideas found in the original Not a tool for writer’s self expression

HOW TO PARAPHRASE

How to Paraphrase • Read the source carefully. It is essential that you understand it fully. • Identify the main point(s) and key words. • Try the “look away” approach.

TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING Note: An effective paraphrase includes more than one of these techniques. If you use only one of these techniques when paraphrasing, you have not paraphrased effectively.

1. Change a word from one part of speech to another Original: Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of disease. Paraphrase: According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing diseases to spread (James, 2004).

2. Use Synonyms Original: The U. S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat. The announcement followed an intelligence report that found high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization. Paraphrase: The government of the United States announced that AIDS could harm the nation's security. The government warned the population after an important governmental study concluded that political problems may arise from large numbers of people infected with HIV (Snell, 2005).

3. Change numbers and percentages to different forms. Original: Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the epidemic. African Americans, who make up 13 percent of the U. S. population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998. Paraphrase: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African America (Jenson, 2000).

4. Change word order (e. g. , change from active to passive voice and move modifiers to different positions. Original: Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in sub‐Saharan Africa. Paraphrase: Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and most of the victims are children who live in sub‐Saharan Africa (Angier, as cited in Lee, 2004).

5. Use different definition structures. Original: Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids that attach themselves to larger animals). The disease is usually characterized by a rash followed by flu‐like symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and headache. Paraphrase: Lyme disease‐a disease that causes swelling and redness‐is caused by a bacterium carried by a small arachnid known as a tick. The ticks attach to and suck the blood of animals and humans, transferring some of the Lyme disease bacteria into their hosts and causing symptoms similar to the flu (Wald, 2005).

6. Use different attribution signals. Original: “That’s because there are so many different ways the diseases could have arrived, ” veterinarian Mark Walters declared in his recent book, Six Modern Plagues. Paraphrase: According to Mark Walters, a veterinarian who wrote Six Modern Plagues, the disease could have arrived in numerous ways (Peterson, 2004).

7. Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words Original: Although only about one‐tenth of the world’s population lives there, sub‐Saharan Africa remains the hardest hit region, accounting for 72 percent of the people infected with HIV during 2000. Paraphrase: Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, this area of the world has the highest percentage of AIDS‐related illnesses. In fact, in 2000, almost three-fourths of the population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).

8. Do not change key terms or proper nouns. Original: In the northeastern United States, people are building homes on the edge of woods, where ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer. In addition, in Africa, hunters bring back the meat of animals that scientists think may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal disease that causes massive hemorrhaging in its victims. Paraphrase: In the United States, residential areas are being built near wooded areas in the northeast. These areas are also the homes of ticks carrying Lyme disease. Also, according to scientists, hunters in Africa kill animals that may carry the Ebola virus (an often fatal virus that causes massive hemorrhaging) (Yaya, 2004).

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES FOR SELF-STUDY

Original Plagiarism Paraphrasing Because of their unique perspective, Americans fear globalization less than anyone else, and as a consequence they think about it less than anyone else. When Americans do think about globalization, they think of the global economy as an enlarged version of the American economy. According to Lester Thurow (1993) Americans fear globalization less than people from other countries and as a consequence spend less time thinking about it. Indeed, Americans see globalization as an enlarged version of their own economy. Lester Thurow (1993) maintains that because Americans see globalization simply as a bigger form of their own economy, they are less concerned about it than is the rest of the world. (Source: Thurow, L. (1993). Fortune Favors the Bold (p. 6). New York: Harper Collins. )

Why is this acceptable? The writer has kept the meaning of the original passage without copying words or structure. Words like globalization and Americans are generic terms (i. e. , terms that are commonly used for the concept they illustrate - it is difficult to find synonyms for them). Thus you may use these words without placing them in quotation marks.

Original Acceptable Paraphrase 1 Acceptable Paraphrase 2 Used Synonyms Changed Sentence Like drought, excess Structure rainfall and flooding can also contribute to When there is an epidemics of waterborne An overabundance of rainfall can also be a overabundance of infectious diseases, in rainfall, two situations factor in this case due to poor can occur: sewers can sanitation resulting from spreading infectious overflow and water can runoff from overwhelmed diseases carried become polluted by the by water, usually as a sewage lines or the presence of contamination of water result of overflowing sewers and pollution livestock, both of which by livestock. can lead to outbreaks of from farm (Source: Shuman, E. , M. D. animals (Shuman, 2010). waterborne diseases (Shuman, 2010). (2010, March 25). Global climate change and infectious diseases. New England Journal of Medicine; 362, 10611063. Retrieved from

Original Acceptable Paraphrase Changed Voice and Changed Parts of Current political and economic incentives favor industry and other Speech interest groups at the expense of health: consider the subsidies paid Researchers point out that in for corn-based agriculture and mass attempting to implement economic growth, industry is often favored -produced processed foods, the over health: government may tobacco revenue generated in countries with a government-owned subsidize certain forms of tobacco industry, industrial growth in agriculture and food production, the face of environmental pollution, contribute to tobacco consumption in nations where it owns the industry and the spread of the sedentary automobile-and-television culture. and otherwise promote growth of industries that pollute. (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011). (Source: Venkat Narayan, K. M. , Ali, M. K. , and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23). Global noncommunicable diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196 -1198. Retrieved from nejm. org at MIT Libraries. )

Original Acceptable Paraphrase: Changed Clause to Phrase The prevalence and impact of The increasing spread of non-communicable diseases non-communicable continue to grow. Chronic diseases can be seen in diseases account for 60% of all figures that show these deaths worldwide, and 80% of diseases are responsible for these deaths occur in low-or 60% of all deaths on the middle-income countries, planet, and that in countries where the toll is where the population is disproportionate during the primarily of low or middle prime productive years of income, the impact is greatest, youth and middle age. often focusing on those who are young or middle-aged (Source: Venkat Narayan, K. M. , , Ali, M. K. , and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23). Global (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011). noncomunicable diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196 -1198. Retrieved from nejm. org at MIT Libraries. )

Original We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body. Acceptable Paraphrase #1 Acceptable Paraphrase #2 Siegel (1986) writes that the although the relationship between the between brain chemistry chemicals in the brain and our thoughts and feelings remains and thoughts and only partially understood. He feelings is not fully goes on to say, however, that understood, we do know one thing is clear: our mental that our psychological state affects our bodily state affects our physical state. What did the writer do? • Used synonyms What did the writer do? • Changed the sentence • Used synonyms structure (use two sentences • Changed sentence instead of one) (Source: Siegel, B. structure • Changed voice (1986). • Changed voice • Changed parts of speech Love, Medicine and • Cited source Miracles (p. 69). New Words like brain and York: Harper and Row. ) Words like brain are generic and do not need to chemicals are generic and do be changed. not need to be changed.

Original We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body. Unacceptable Paraphrase #1 #2 Siegel (1986) writes According to Siegel that we still do (1986), our mind affects not know all the ways in our body quickly and which brain chemistry directly, although we do is related to emotions not yet and thoughts, but understand every aspect the important point is of how brain chemicals that our mental relate to emotions and state has an immediate thoughts. and direct effect on our Why is this unacceptable? physical state. • Although the writer has (Source: Siegel, B. (1986). Love, Medicine and Why is this unacceptable? changed the structure of the sentence, key phrases have Miracles (p. 69). New York: • The writer has kept the been taken directly from the Harper and Row. ) same exact sentence original. structure • Even though the writer • The writer had only mentions the original source substituted synonyms in certain places; in others the introductory phrase, wording is exactly the same the result is plagiarism. as that of the original.

Read the original text in the next slide, then evaluate the acceptability of the three paraphrase versions that follow. HOMEWORK

SUBMIT next meeting (October 6 -8). Write answer in a one half yellow paper crosswise. Use this format: Acceptable or Unacceptable? Paraphrase A Paraphrase B Paraphrase C Reason

ORIGINAL TEXT “Deterritorialization (displacement, dislocation or “not being home”) is what one feels when one becomes cognizant or his/her not being of the acceptable mold, of his/her not having an identity (i. e. , ‘all. America’) which is reserved only for white Americans of European origins in spite of the rhetoric of American democracy and pluralism. Deterritorialization accompanies the realization that a non-white can never ‘feel at home’ in the US unless he/she accepts the hegemonic culture’s repressive and oppressive processes as it tries to erase differences. ” (Excerpt from Short Circuit: Expatriate Themes in Philippine Poetry in English) by Jose Wendell P. Capili as cited in Figuera-Lucero and Moya-Torrecampo, 1999)

A Deterritorialization (displacement, dislocation or ‘not being home’) is what someone feels when someone becomes aware of his or her not being of the acceptable shape, of his or her not having a name (i. e. ‘all-American’) which is reserved only for fair Americans of European roots in spite of the beauty of American rule of the people and multiplicity. Deterritorialization accompanies the insight that a black can never ‘feel at home’ in the US unless he or she accepts the dominant culture’s suppressive and unfair processes as it tries to blot out dissimilarities.

B When a person feels displaced, dislocated or ‘not home, ’ s/he feels deterritorialized. Deterritorialization is the word used to define the feeling of being out of place. Deterritorialization happens when a person becomes aware of his/her being different from the acceptable ‘all-American’ image and of his/her not having an ‘all-American’ identity. Even if there is a general belief in (but not necessarily practice of) equality in an American democratic society which is made up of people of different races and nationalities, the all-American identity and physical or cultural indicators of these are reserved only for white Americans whose families trace their roots to European origins. Deterritorialization, or the sense of losing or having no place in one’s society, is felt when one realizes that a person with no European-American parentage can never feel s/he is a part of the US society. He/she realizes that s/he will continue to feel out of place unless s/he accepts the subduing and dominating ways through which the more powerful culture tries to remove cultural difference.

C Displacement, dislocation or not being home is what we might feel when we accept our not being molded like Americans (that is, ‘all-American’ looks such as being blonde, blue-eyed, fair-skinned, and tall), which is only for white Americans of European origins in spite of the lie that America is a free and pluralistic society. Displacement comes side by side with the awareness that members of the Negroid or Mongoloid race can never feel at home in the US unless we accept the more dominant culture’s unhealthy and inhumane processes as it tries to erase other races different from it from the face of the earth.

References: Avoiding Plagiarism – Paraphrasing. (n. d. ) Retrieved August 19, 2013, from http: //integrity. mit. edu/academic-writing/avoiding-plagiarismparaphrasing Integrating Sources. Techniques for Paraphrasing. (2009). Retrieved from learningcommons. sfu. ca. Principles of Paraphrasing: How to Avoid Inadvertent Plagiarism in Three Easy Modules. (n. d. ) Retrieved August 19, 2013, from http: //gseacademic. harvard. edu/~instruct/gutman_library/paraphrasing/ module 1/player. html Paraphrase. (2010). In Merriam-Webster online Dictionary. Retrieved August 19, 2013, from http: //www. merriamwebster. com/dictionary/paraphrase Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Quoting. (n. d. ) Retrieved August 19, 2013, from https: //student. unsw. edu. au/paraphrasing-summarising-and -quoting Figueras-Lucero, A. A. and Moya-Torrecampo, R. (1999). Communication Skills 1. UP Open University: Diliman, Quezon City