Para Primary Meaning The primary meaning of para

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Para Primary Meaning: The primary meaning of para is ‘object aimed towards another object’

Para Primary Meaning: The primary meaning of para is ‘object aimed towards another object’ or the “destination” sense. That is, the focus of the sentence is on the destination. This destination can be literal (i. e. “school” or “Spain”) or it can be metaphorical (i. e. a time of day or a goal to be accomplished). 1

Primary Meaning: Destination El profesor salió para la universidad. The professor represents the first

Primary Meaning: Destination El profesor salió para la universidad. The professor represents the first object, which has a destination. The college is the second object, which is The path toward that destination is marked by para. the destination. (The professor left for the college. ) 2

Here is the primary meaning of para, shown in a basic, graphic form. The

Here is the primary meaning of para, shown in a basic, graphic form. The first object is aimed in a specific direction, towards the second one. The arrow represents the path towards the destination. The second object is the destination. 3

Example 2 - Destination The chair is the object that has the destination. Compré

Example 2 - Destination The chair is the object that has the destination. Compré una silla para mi oficina nueva. Para marks the path The new office is the destination of the chair. (I bought a chair for my new office. )

Example 3 - Destination Mañana salgo para el aeropuerto. In this case, it is

Example 3 - Destination Mañana salgo para el aeropuerto. In this case, it is the speaker who has a destination. Again, para marks the path… (Tomorrow I’m leaving for the airport. ) …and the airport is the final destination.

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the destination sense of

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the destination sense of para.

Closely related to the primary “destination” sense of para, is the useful phrase “para

Closely related to the primary “destination” sense of para, is the useful phrase “para colmo” Me caí y me perdí, y para colmo empezó a llover. (I fell and got lost, and to top it all off it started to rain. ) The tip (the “colmo”) is the destination – it’s the final “cherry on top” Events/people mentioned first The arrow represents the path towards the destination. 7

para sense # 2 8

para sense # 2 8

Deadline Sense La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes. The math homework is the

Deadline Sense La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes. The math homework is the first object – the task that is oriented towards the destination. Para still marks the path towards a destination, however this time it is a time, rather than a place. Friday is the temporal destination (The math homework is for Friday) 9

The “deadline” sense of para comes directly from the Primary Meaning. The first object

The “deadline” sense of para comes directly from the Primary Meaning. The first object this time is a task, something that must be completed by the deadline, to which the task is oriented The path toward the destination is the process of completing the task. Once again, we have a destination. However, this time, the destination is TEMPORAL – there is a deadline to work towards. 10

Example 2 - Deadline Vamos a terminar la clase para las 11. The end

Example 2 - Deadline Vamos a terminar la clase para las 11. The end of the class is oriented towards 11: 00. Para marks the path to 11: 00 (We will end the class by 11. ) 11: 00 is the temporal destination.

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the deadline sense of

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the deadline sense of para.

Closely related to this “deadline” sense of para is a very common phrase, “para

Closely related to this “deadline” sense of para is a very common phrase, “para entonces” ¡Manana es el examen! Tengo que estar listo para entonces. (The test is tomorrow! I have to be ready by then. ) The task: being ready for the test The process of completing the task The destination is still temporal, but this time the exact deadline is not specific, marked by entonces, so the clock has no face or exact time 13

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes Para entonces Deadline Once again, we are building a meaning network that shows how all of the meanings are connected. 14

para sense # 3 15

para sense # 3 15

Recipient Sense Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito. The cake is the first object

Recipient Sense Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito. The cake is the first object that is aimed towards the recipient. Juanito is the destination (i. e. the recipient of the cake). The path to the recipient is marked by para. (Julio made the cake for Juanito) 16

The “recipient” sense of para also comes directly from the Primary Meaning. The first

The “recipient” sense of para also comes directly from the Primary Meaning. The first object is something that is going to the person who is the representing the second object/destination. Once again, we have a destination. However, this time, the destination is a PERSON. 17

Example 2 - Recipient Este regalo es para ti. The gift is moving towards

Example 2 - Recipient Este regalo es para ti. The gift is moving towards a destination. Para still marks the path (This gift is for you. ) You (ti) is the person who receives the gift, or the destination.

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the recipient sense of

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the recipient sense of para.

How would you express “Julio made the cake for Juanita”? : You could use

How would you express “Julio made the cake for Juanita”? : You could use either para or por, but you would imply different things! Julio hizo el pastel por Juanita. When the sentence contains por it implies exchange. Julio is making the cake so that Juanita does not have to. She’ll probably take it to a party for someone else. Julio hizo el pastel para Juanita. When the sentence contains para it refers to the recipient, as a human destination. The cake is going to Juanita, and she’ll keep it. 20

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes Para entonces Deadline Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito Recipient 21

para sense # 4 22

para sense # 4 22

Work Sense Trabajo para una compañía muy grande. The work that I am doing

Work Sense Trabajo para una compañía muy grande. The work that I am doing is the first object that is aimed towards the recipient. Para marks the path The company is the recipient of my work (I work for a very large company) 23

The “work” sense of para is an extension of the “recipient” sense. The first

The “work” sense of para is an extension of the “recipient” sense. The first object is the work that is being done to benefit the second object (the employer). In this case, the arrow representing what is being transferred is not colored because it is work, rather than a physical object, that is being passed to the recipient. Once again, we have a destination. However, this time, the destination is the employer. 24

Work Sense It is important to note that there is only one verb that

Work Sense It is important to note that there is only one verb that works here: trabajar. Much less commonly, trabajar can be used with por if you mean to work on behalf of somebody (or in exchange for someone). We saw that example already. 25

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the work sense of

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the work sense of para.

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes Para entonces Deadline Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito Recipient Trabajo para una compañía muy grande Work 27

End of Section 1 28

End of Section 1 28

para sense # 5 29

para sense # 5 29

Comparison Sense Javier es muy alto para un niño de diez años. The height

Comparison Sense Javier es muy alto para un niño de diez años. The height of Javier is what is being compared to something else. It is oriented towards a standard. Para marks the comparison The height of most boys who are 10 years old is the standard to which Javier is being compared. (Javier is very tall for a 10 year old boy. ) 30

The “comparison” sense of para also comes directly from the Primary Meaning. However, this

The “comparison” sense of para also comes directly from the Primary Meaning. However, this is a little different than the senses we have already explored. In this usage of para, we can compare one item and what is aimed to be like. You will notice that in this case there is no path and no destination. However, if we return to the notion that another way to talk about the Primary Meaning (the “destination” sense) is “an object aimed towards another object” then we can see the connection. The object that is being compared is oriented towards the item with which it is being compared. 31

Example 2 - Comparison The amount of food that she eats is what her

Example 2 - Comparison The amount of food that she eats is what her size is being compared to Es muy delgada para lo mucho que come. The size of the woman is what is being compared to a standard. Para marks the comparison (She is very thin for all that she eats. )

Example 3 - Comparison While the components are in a different order, this sentence

Example 3 - Comparison While the components are in a different order, this sentence still contains all the same elements as the previous examples: Para continues to mark the comparison Para ser verano, hace mucho frío. Summer is the standard. We have a notion of what to expect, based on the season. Para has marked that there is something else happening. The temperature is what is being compared to the norm. (For summer, it’s really cold. )

Example 3 - Comparison Para marks the comparison Habla muy mal para un profesor.

Example 3 - Comparison Para marks the comparison Habla muy mal para un profesor. This teacher’s quality of speech is what is being compared to the norm. Our notion of how well a teacher should speak is the standard. (He speaks really poorly for a teacher. )

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the comparison sense of

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the comparison sense of para.

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes Para entonces Deadline Javier es muy alto para un niño de diez años Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito Comparison Recipient Trabajo para una compañía muy grande Work 36

para sense # 6 37

para sense # 6 37

Judgment Sense Estudiar mucho es importante para los estudiantes. The behavior of studying a

Judgment Sense Estudiar mucho es importante para los estudiantes. The behavior of studying a lot is the first object that is being judged. Para marks where the judgment is being aimed. Students functions as the second object and represents for whom the first object is relevant. (Studying a lot is important for students. ) 38

The “judgment” sense is an extension of the “comparison” sense. We can see how,

The “judgment” sense is an extension of the “comparison” sense. We can see how, in this sense, there is still a comparison, but in this case there is a judgment or opinion being aimed at an object. In this case, we have changed the inside of the shapes to be empty to indicate that the judgment here is a personal opinion, rather than fact. There is still no path and no destination, but we are still employing the idea of “an object aimed towards another object. ” 39

Example 2 - Judgment Acostarse muy tarde es malo para los jóvenes. The habit

Example 2 - Judgment Acostarse muy tarde es malo para los jóvenes. The habit of going to bed late is the first object that is being judged. Para marks the direction of the judgment. The second object, the children, is for whom the first object is relevant. (Going to bed very late is bad for children. )

Example 3 - Judgment Para marks the direction of the judgment. Para mí, los

Example 3 - Judgment Para marks the direction of the judgment. Para mí, los documentales son muy aburridos. Once again, the order has changed, but the elements of the sentence are still intact: The judgment is being aimed at me. The speaker constitutes the person for whom the first object is relevant. This time, documentaries are being judged as boring. (For me, documentaries are really boring. )

Example 4 - Judgment No hay niño feo para una madre In this case,

Example 4 - Judgment No hay niño feo para una madre In this case, it is the attractiveness of the baby that is being judged. Para marks the direction of the judgment. The judgment is being aimed at the mother, who is the person for whom the first object is relevant. (There is no ugly child for a mother. )

Example 5 - Judgment Para mi hermano, comer verduras es asqueroso. Para marks the

Example 5 - Judgment Para mi hermano, comer verduras es asqueroso. Para marks the direction of the judgment. The judgment is being aimed at my brother, for whom the first object is relevant It is the eating of vegetables that is being judged as disgusting. (For my brother, eating vegetables is disgusting. )

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the judgment sense of

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the judgment sense of para.

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes Para entonces Deadline Javier es muy alto para un niño de diez años Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito Comparison Recipient Estudiar mucho es muy importante para los estudiantes Trabajo para una compañía muy grande Judgment Work 45

End of Section 2 46

End of Section 2 46

para sense # 7 47

para sense # 7 47

Desired Outcome Sense Consuela camina rapidamente para no llegar tarde a la clase de

Desired Outcome Sense Consuela camina rapidamente para no llegar tarde a la clase de ciencias. Consuela is attempting to achieve her goal by walking quickly. However, there is no guarantee that this will end up meeting the goal. Para marks the path Consuela’s ultimate goal is to not be late for her class. (Consuela is walking fast so as not to arrive late to science class. ) 48

The “desired outcome” sense of para also comes directly from the Primary Meaning. The

The “desired outcome” sense of para also comes directly from the Primary Meaning. The first object is whatever is believed will achieve the ultimate goal. It is oriented towards that goal. The path line here is dotted because it is not certain that the first object will achieve the goal (reach the destination). In this sense, the second object is the aim of the action. Once again, we can see the connection to reaching a destination. This notion of the ultimate destination (goal) is KEY! 49

You can think of this sense as “in order to” which is always followed

You can think of this sense as “in order to” which is always followed by an infinitival verb. El futbolista practica mucho para ganar los partidos. Para = in order to Verb in the infinitive (The soccer player practices a lot in order to win the games. )

Example 2 - Desired Outcome Voy al gimnasio para mantenerme en forma. The speaker

Example 2 - Desired Outcome Voy al gimnasio para mantenerme en forma. The speaker is attempting to achieve her goal by going to the gym. Para marks the path to the goal The goal to be achieved is staying in shape Can be thought of as in order to (I go to the gym in order to stay in shape. )

Example 3 - Desired Outcome Esta noche voy a dar una fiesta para celebrar.

Example 3 - Desired Outcome Esta noche voy a dar una fiesta para celebrar. The speaker is attempting to achieve her goal by throwing a party. Para marks the path to the goal (Tonight I’m throwing a party to celebrate. ) The goal to be achieved is celebrating

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the desired outcome sense

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the desired outcome sense of para.

Let’s review the distinction between the motivation sense, which uses por and the desired

Let’s review the distinction between the motivation sense, which uses por and the desired outcome sense, which uses para: Él salió por tabaco. (He left for (on account of needing) tobacco. ) Ella salió para comprar tabaco. (She left to buy tobacco. ) 54

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes Para entonces Deadline Javier es muy alto para un niño de diez años Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito Comparison Recipient Estudiar mucho es muy importante para los estudiantes Trabajo para una compañía muy grande Judgment Work Consuela camina rapidamente para no llegar tarde a la clase de ciencias. Desired Outcome 55

para sense # 8 56

para sense # 8 56

Use Sense Uso tijeras para cortar el papel. The scissors are the item in

Use Sense Uso tijeras para cortar el papel. The scissors are the item in question. Cutting paper is the use of the item. Para represents the relationship between scissors and cutting. (I use scissors to cut paper. ) 57

The “use” sense is the final piece in the Meaning Network of para. It,

The “use” sense is the final piece in the Meaning Network of para. It, too, derives from the Primary Meaning. In this case, para represents the relationship between and object and its use. The 1 st object is an item whose use will be defined. The line in this case is dotted because it represents the connection between an item and its use, but is not an actual path. The 2 nd object is the use of the item. This can be related to the goal in the “desired outcome” sense in that we use an item because it has a specific use that we need it for. 58

Example 2 - Use El vaso es para agua The glass is the item

Example 2 - Use El vaso es para agua The glass is the item that has a use. (Holding) water is the use of the glass. Para marks the relationship between the item and the use. (The glass is for water. )

Example 3 - Use Compré bolsas para la basura (Containing) garbage is the use

Example 3 - Use Compré bolsas para la basura (Containing) garbage is the use for which the bags were purchased. The bags are the objects that have a use. Para marks the relationship (I bought bags for the garbage. )

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the use sense of

¡Te toca! • Create your own example sentence to illustrate the use sense of para.

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea

El profesor salió para la universidad Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination La tarea de matemáticas es para viernes Para entonces Deadline Javier es muy alto para un niño de diez años Julio hizo el pastel para Juanito Comparison Recipient Estudiar mucho es muy importante para los estudiantes Trabajo para una compañía muy grande Judgment Work Uso tijeras para cortar el papel. Use Consuela camina rapidamente para no llegar tarde a la clase de ciencias. Desired Outcome The complete meaning network of para 62

Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination Para entonces Deadline Ex: __________________________ Name: ______________________ Ex:

Para colmo The Primary Meaning: Destination Para entonces Deadline Ex: __________________________ Name: ______________________ Ex: _______________ Comparison Recipient Ex: __________________________ Judgment Employment Ex: _____________ Use Ex: _____________ Desired Outcome The complete meaning network of para 63

End of Section 3 64

End of Section 3 64