papaya Carica papaya L Caricaceae C candicans C

มะละกอ papaya Carica papaya L. Caricaceae C. candicans, C. chrysophila C. pentagyna, C. cundinamarcensis Jacaratia mexicana, Jarilla caudata ����������� 2

Origin Tropical America i. e. S-Mexico, Costa Rica ����������� 3

Distribution - Panama, Darian (1513 -1525), San Domingo, West Indies, Philippines (C 16), Indonesis & India (C 18), Zanzibar & Uganda (1874) - Caribbean, U. S. A. (Florida, Hawaii), E-Africa, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia ����������� 4

Botany - Habit : Herbaceous, short-lived (≤ 15 yrs), 2 -10 m high; branchless; with latex in every part. ����������� 5

- Stem : Long, hollow, Ø 10 -30 cm, with prominent leaf scars. ����������� 6

- Leaf : Very large, simple, spirally arranged; cordate with 7 -11 deeply lobed; petiole very long, hollow, pale green or tinged with purple. ����������� 7

- Flower : Polygamous. K(5) C(5) A 10 G K(5) C 5 A 0 G (5) K(5) C 5 A 5 G (5) K(5) C(5) A 10 G K(5) C 5 A 0 G (5) (0) pentandria (5) elongata intermediate ����������� 8

- Fruit : Berry, 7 -10 cm long, up to 7 kg in weight; shape globose, oblong, pyriform; skin green or dark green when young and yellow or orange when ripe; flesh colour yellow, orange or red. ����������� 10

- Seed : Numerous, parietal; globose, Ø 5 mm; seed coat wrinkle and with gelatinous sarcotesta. ����������� 12

Propagation 1. Sexual sow at 1 cm deep temp. 23. . 35. . 44 °C, germinate in 3 -5 d transplant at 3 mon. or direct seeding ����������� 29

Propagation (conti. ) 2. Asexual - stem, leaf-bud cutting - chip budding - side grafting - simple inarching ����������� 31

Planting and cares 1. Soils - sandy loam, p. H 6. 0 -6. 5 2. Spacing - 3 x 3 m, 2 x 2 m 3. Fertilizer application 15 -15 -15 100 -400 g at 3 mon. intervals 4. Irrigation juvenile, at flowering, fruit growth ����������� 33

Harvesting - transplant Oct. – Nov. - harvest June - Oct. - young fruit 500 -700 g - mature fruit ≥ 1. 5 kg - yield 30 -50 kg/pl 5, 400 -9000 kg/rai - production 2 -3 yrs. ……. 10 yrs. ����������� 43

Papain Latex = milky white fluid = liquid Papain = proteolytic enzyme = protease = solid Exporter – Sri Lanka, E-Africa, Congo, Denmark, U. K. , U. S. A. , Germany, India Importer – U. S. A. , Japan, U. K. , France, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Poland ����������� 51

Papain production in Thailand รชตะโพล ซพ พลาย จำกด 70 % Industrial Building Con. S. A. (Belgium) 30 % IBC – exporter 90 m baht, 2, 000 rai 7, 500, 000 l/yr ≈ 45 m baht/yr นครปฐม ฉะเชงเทรา ลพบร ����������� เพชรบร 54

Fruits for papain production - fruit medium sized, thin skin, high latex - 2 mon. old fruits in June-July - collect at 06: 00 -10: 00 hr. 3 lines at 1/12 in. deep every week for 8 weeks - dry at 60 °C - 14. 3 g latex → 1. 51 g papain from one fruit ����������� 55

Papain in industry. 1อตสาหกรรมเบยร - enzymatic chill-proofing industry. 2อตสาหกรรมเนยแขง - coaggulants for cheese making industry ����������� 56

Fresh fruit production - plant small sized, erect, vigourous - bearing habit early, profuse, uniform - fruit elongata, medium-sized (1 -2 kg local or 0. 5 kg export) - skin smooth; flesh red or yellowish orange, thick, firm, sweet, narrow cavity - no deformed fruit - resistant to diseases - tolerant to drought - thick skin ����������� 60