Pantheon Rome 126 CE UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE EAST

Pantheon, Rome (126 CE) UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE: EAST LONDON: ARCHITECTURE TECHNICAL STUDIES YEAR 1 TECHNICAL 1 TECHNICALSTUDIES

1. Structure & Form ‘The Architect/Designer and the Structural Engineer’ January-February 2. Climate & Shelter ‘The Architect/Designer and the Environment & Services Engineer’ February-March 3. Construction ‘The Architect/Designer and the Builder’ March-April 4. Case Studies In practice May TECHNICAL STUDIES: LECTURE SERIES

Pete Silver and Will Mc. Lean, Introduction to Architectural Technology (London: Laurence King, 2008) Francis D. K. Ching , A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997) Derek Osbourn , rev. Roger Greeno, Mitchell’s: Introduction to Building, 2 nd ed. (Harlow: Longman, 1997) Jack Stroud Foster and Roger Greeno, Mitchell’s: Structure & Fabric, Part 1, 7 th ed. (Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2007) Jack Stroud Foster, Raymond Harington and Roger Greeno , Mitchell’s: Structure & Fabric, Part 2, 7 th ed. (Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007) Alan Everett, rev. C. M. H. Barritt, Mitchell’s: Materials, 5 th ed. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013) Peter Burberry, Mitchells: Environment and Services, 8 th ed. (Harlow: Longman, 1997) Alan Blanc, Mitchell’s: Internal Components (Harlow: Longman, 1994) Michael Mc. Evoy, Mitchell’s Building Series: External Components (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014) Yvonne Dean, Mitchell’s Building Series: Finishes, 4 th ed. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014) Yvonne Dean, Mitchell’s: Materials Technology (Harlow: Longman, 1996) J. B. Mc. Kay, Mc. Kay’s Building Construction (Shaftesbury: Donhead, 2005); also available as separate volumes Sophie Pelsmakers, The Environment Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA, 2012) Charlotte Baden-Powell, Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross, Architect’s Pocket Book, 4 th ed. (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011) Matthys Levy and Mario Salvadori, Why Buildings Stand Up: The Strength of Architecture(London: W. W. Norton, 1990) Matthys Levy and Mario Salvadori, Why Buildings Fall Down: How Structures Fail (London: W. W. Norton, 1992) Austin Williams, Shortcuts: Book 1: Structure and Fabric (London: RIBA, 2008) Austin Williams, Shortcuts: Book 2: Sustainability and Practice(London: RIBA, 2008) RECOMMENDED READING: BOOKS

Architects’ Journal RECOMMENDED READING: MAGAZINES / SERIES Architects’ Working Details (Architect’s Journal/EMAP)

Detail magazine RECOMMENDED READING: MAGAZINES / SERIES

LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES, BEAMS AND COLUMNS LECTURE 2: BEARING WALLS, FOUNDATIONS AND STRUCTURAL OPENINGS LECTURE 3: TRUSSES, FRAME STRUCTURES AND SLABS LECTURE 4: COMPLEX STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS LECTURE SERIES 1: STRUCTURE AND FORM

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN NATURE

King’s Cross Station, London by John Mc. Aslan & Partners, 2012 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURE St Chapelle, Paris, 13 th century

FORCES IN ARCHITECTURE: LIVE AND DEAD LOADS

FORCES IN ARCHITECTURE: EQUILIBRIUM

Sir Isaac Newton (1643 -1727) 1. A body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity in a straight line unless an external force acts on it (Law of Inertia) 2. Force (Newton) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s 2) (Gravity on earth = approx. 9. 8 m/s 2) 3. For every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal magnitude in the opposite direction (Law of Action and Reaction) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: FORCES ACTING ON A BODY

f (stress) = P (force) / A (area) UNITS: N/mm 2 (1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m 2) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STRESS

Materials react to stress by distributing it in such a way that there is an equal balance of internal forces. The result is a change in the form of the structure, equal to: Change in size (∆L) Strain = Original size (L) UNITS: % or decimal FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STRAIN

(yield point) Elastic deformation – internal structures remain the same, but are stretched when a stress is applied, returning to their original shape when the stress is removed. Plastic deformation – internal structures deform to a new shape when stress is applied (e. g. lead) – a material that experiences little plastic deformation is brittle The ability of a material to resist elastic deformation (prior to failure) determines its strength. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION

stiff mate rial strong material (yield point) ial ater m e l b flexi weak material Young’s Modulus, or ‘Modulus of Elasticity’, defines the stiffness/flexibility of a material Young’s Modulus = Stress Strain FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STIFFNESS / FLEXIBILITY [UNITS: N/m 2 (Pa)] A stiff material has a high Young’s Modulus; a flexible material has a low Young’s Modulus

(stiffness) Stiffness tends to increase with material density (with some exceptions) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STIFFNESS AND DENSITY

Pathenon, Athens, 5 th century BC Abbé Marc-Antoine Laugier: Essai sur l'Architecture [Essay on Architecture], 1755 frontispiece COLUMN AND BEAM: ORGINS AND ARCHITECTURE

BEAMS Transfer of Loads Turning Moments Bending Deflection (Shear)

Active force/load Transfer of load to supports Reaction BEAMS: TRANSFER OF LOADS Reaction

Turning moment = w (force) x L (lever arm) UNITS: Nm (Newton metres) BEAMS: TURNING MOMENTS

neutral ax compressio n is tension max. compression max. tension BEAMS: BENDING

resisting moment in wall bending moment created by load 1. CANTILEVER BEAM deflection 2. SINGLE SPAN BEAM bending moments equal and opposite create equilibrium The depth of the beam is critical to minimise stresses and to maximise the beam’s efficiency. BEAMS: BENDING AND DEFLECTION

T C C T BEAMS: SHEAR

COLUMNS Buckling Effective Height Eccentric Loading

• The more slender a column, the greater its tendency to buckle. • Buckling can occur in any direction, so column sections are ideally round or square hollow sections with material concentrated on the outside edges (as with the flanges of a steel beam) COLUMNS: BUCKLING

COLUMNS: EFFECTIVE HEIGHT

• Loads should usually be concentrated in the middle third of the horizontal section of the column to prevent tensile stresses developing COLUMNS: ECCENTRIC LOADING

Material Max. tensile stress (N/mm 2) Max. compressive stress (N/mm 2) Young’s Modulus (k. N/mm 2) Steel 300 200 Timber 60 30 10 Stone 1 100 50 Concrete 5 50 30 Brickwork 1 20 20 Aluminium 300 70 Glass 5 175 70 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES, BEAMS AND COLUMNS : MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

COMPOSITE BEAMS: CONCRETE BEAMS WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT

COMPOSITE BEAMS: POST-TENSIONG

CONCRETE BEAMS

CONCRETE BEAMS: BEAM AND BLOCK FLOOR STRUCTURE

TIMBER BEAMS: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN

TIMBER BEAMS: CONCRETE AND STONE LINTELS

TIMBER BEAMS: STEEL LINTEL AND TIMBER FLOOR JOISTS

TYPICAL BEAM SPANS Rolled steel sections Span : Depth Ratio 20: 1 Timber floor joists (50 mm wide, 450 mm centres) Depth = (Span+25 mm)/25 Glulam beams Span: Depth ratio 18: 1 Reinforced concrete floor beams Span : Depth ratio 23: 1 BEAMS: TYPICAL SPANS

Nordic Pavilion, Venice Biennale Sverre Fehn, 1957

S. R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1956

John Hope Gateway Centre at Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh Edward Cullinan Architects, 2010

f (STRESS) = P (force) / A (area) SUMMARY • Structural Systems in Nature • Structural Systems in Architecture • Forces in Architecture: Live and Dead Loads Equilibrium • Fundamental Principles: Newton’s Laws of Motion Forces Acting on a Body Stress Strain Elastic and Plastic Deformation Stiffness and Flexibility • Column and Beam: Origins and Architecture • Beams: • Columns: Transfer of Loads Turning Moments Bending Deflection Shear Buckling Effective Height Eccentric Loading UNITS: N/mm 2 (1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m 2) STRAIN = Change in size (∆L) Original size (L) UNITS: % or decimal YOUNG’S = Stress Strain MODULUS UNITS: N/mm 2 (Pa) A stiff material has a high Young’s Modulus; a flexible material has a low Young’s Modulus Turning moment = w (force) x UNITS: Nm L (lever arm) NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 1. A body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity in a straight line unless an external force acts on it 2. Force (Newton) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s 2) (Gravity on earth = approx. 9. 8 m/s 2) 3. For every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal magnitude in the opposite direction UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON: ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES, BEAMS AND COLUMNS : SUMMARY YEAR 1 TECHNICAL STUDIES