Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System Astro

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Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System Astro 735 Pan. STARRS Seminar Wednesdays, 12:

Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System Astro 735 Pan. STARRS Seminar Wednesdays, 12: 30 -1: 30 Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 1

Pan-STARRS • A proposal for a wide field imaging system: – – 4 x

Pan-STARRS • A proposal for a wide field imaging system: – – 4 x 1. 8 m telescopes each with 4 x 1 Gpixel CCD detectors • Operation: – • • Repeated scans of entire sky • Unique time resolution capability • Deep cumulative digital images of the entire sky Time-scale: ~5 years Project cost: ~$50 M Funded by AFRL Collaboration between If. A, MHPCC, Lincoln Lab, SAIC Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 2

A Renaissance in Wide-Field Imaging • Detector technology advances enabling a revolution in wide-field

A Renaissance in Wide-Field Imaging • Detector technology advances enabling a revolution in wide-field imaging surveys – – CCDs are efficient and costs are falling ~100 Mpix cameras deployed on several 4 -8 m telescopes Ifa leads the field current state-of-the-art: • SUBARU/SUPRIME • CFHT/MEGACAM 300 Mpix (fall 2002) • A 8 m 2 deg 2 • dedicated survey instruments – Examples SDSS, 2 MASS, MACHO • 1 data product - many science applications • public access via www Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 3

The Decadal Review LSST • US Decadal Review proposed a 6. 5 m class

The Decadal Review LSST • US Decadal Review proposed a 6. 5 m class “Large Synoptic Survey Telescope” as a high priority near term goal – – map the visible sky to R~24 in 1 week time resolution capability very deep cumulative images closely linked to the VO (Virtual Observatory) • LSST Science Goals: • galaxy clustering • killer asteroids • planet searches • galactic halo + disk • supernovae • brown dwarfs Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 • weak lensing • transients, GRBs • stellar variability UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 4

Small vs Large Apertures • Why size matters: – – – – small telescopes

Small vs Large Apertures • Why size matters: – – – – small telescopes are cheaper for given collecting area CCD costs scale with detector area (not Npixels) • Optimal design matches seeing to CCD resolution rapid construction and low risk diversity of operation modes Low environmental impact Scalable Fast guiding for enhanced image quality …. . Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 5

The Pan-STARRS Proposal • 4 x 1. 8 m with 7. 1 deg 2

The Pan-STARRS Proposal • 4 x 1. 8 m with 7. 1 deg 2 FOV – A = 8 x SUBARU/SUPRIME, CFHT/MEGACAM • Sensitivity – – – R+V filter: R=24@5 -sigma in texp = 30 s (FWHM / 0”. 6)2 • 4 x simultaneous imaging survey ~2, 800 deg 2 per night DR LSST specification cumulative integrations: 180 nights 1. 6 mag fainter all sky surveys in multiple bands to ~26 mag deeper surveys: • 4 hr integrations ~4000 deg 2/yr @ ~26. 5 mag • 100 hr integrations ~200 deg 2/yr @ ~28 mag • “pilot project” for LSST - but does most of the science Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 6

Wide Field Imaging Science Opportunities • Time domain astronomy – Transient objects – Moving

Wide Field Imaging Science Opportunities • Time domain astronomy – Transient objects – Moving objects – Variable objects • Static sky science – Enabled by stacking repeated scans to form a collection of ultra-deep static sky images Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 7

Inner Solar System Science • ~107 asteroids – Families – Orbit parameter space structure

Inner Solar System Science • ~107 asteroids – Families – Orbit parameter space structure • ~104 near earth objects – Phase-space distribution – Hazardous asteroids • Comets Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 8

Asteroid Collision Hazard • Asteroid collision rate is well understood • Maximum hazard comes

Asteroid Collision Hazard • Asteroid collision rate is well understood • Maximum hazard comes from ~1 -2 km size objects at threshold of global catastrophes • Current surveys are ~50% complete for such objects and will approach ~80% completeness – Residual hazard will be roughly equally split between km and subkm size objects – 1/700 chance of 300 m (1000 MT) impact in the coming century • A survey that can reach V=24 will eliminate nearly all km-scale risk and > 80% of risk for 300 m scale Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 9

Outer Solar System Science • Kuiper Belt Objects – Orbital distribution – Formation and

Outer Solar System Science • Kuiper Belt Objects – Orbital distribution – Formation and evolution • Trans-Neptunian Objects • Interlopers on hyperbolic orbits Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 10

Stars and the Galaxy • Other goals: • Parallax survey – Complete s tellar

Stars and the Galaxy • Other goals: • Parallax survey – Complete s tellar census to 100 pc • Proper motions – Formation history Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 – Stellar variability – Low mass stars – Extra-solar planets UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 11

Cosmology – Weak Lensing • Total mass power spectrum P(k) to large scales –

Cosmology – Weak Lensing • Total mass power spectrum P(k) to large scales – Test of inflation theory • Evolution of P(k) • Higher order statistics – Gravitational instability theory • Cluster mass function – Cosmological parameters • Geometric tests – World model Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 12

Cosmology - Supernovae • Hubble diagram – Dark energy equation of state w(z) –

Cosmology - Supernovae • Hubble diagram – Dark energy equation of state w(z) – Cosmological parameters • Supernova physics • Star formation history Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 13

Other Cosmology Goals • Cosmological transients – Orphaned gamma ray burst statistics – Coalescing

Other Cosmology Goals • Cosmological transients – Orphaned gamma ray burst statistics – Coalescing binaries • Large scale structure – Galaxy clustering statistics via photo-z – Clustering vs galaxy type • Low surface brightness galaxies • AGN • High redshift galaxies Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 14

Pan-STARRS Priority 1 Goals • PHO census – Detect majority of potentially hazardous objects

Pan-STARRS Priority 1 Goals • PHO census – Detect majority of potentially hazardous objects of diameter >300 m (roughly 1000 MT impact energy) • Weak lensing – Mass power spectrum to very large scales – Evolution of P(k) – Cosmological parameters from • Mass function of clusters • Geometric tests • Supernovae – Probing the equation of state of the dark energy – Understanding the star formation history of the universe • GRB afterglows – Testing theories of formation of the most luminous objects in the Universe Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 15

Other Science Goals • Solar System census • Local solar neighborhood census • Galactic

Other Science Goals • Solar System census • Local solar neighborhood census • Galactic census • Large-scale structure • Extra galactic object detection and classification • Extra-solar planets • Other programs as described in PSDC-200 -016 -00 • Unanticipated discoveries Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 16

Pan-STARRS Observatory States and Modes Operational Survey Modes • Solar System (Ecliptic Plane) –

Pan-STARRS Observatory States and Modes Operational Survey Modes • Solar System (Ecliptic Plane) – used primarily to satisfy the observing requirements imposed by the PHO, NEO, MBA, KBO and other SS programs. • 3 – used primarily to satisfy the observing requirements of the WL, LSN census, and EG object detection & classification programs; primary cadence drivers are the LSN census (and other proper motion studies) • Medium-Deep – the SNe, LSS, and the EG object detection & classification programs; primary cadence driver being SNe • Ultra-Deep – EG object detection & classification and, to some extent, SNe programs • Object Variability/Auxiliary – mostly user-defined supporting programs such as stellar variability and the search for extra-solar planets Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 17

Science Goals Survey System Requirements • All PS science programs benefit from – –

Science Goals Survey System Requirements • All PS science programs benefit from – – – Large collecting area Large field of view Good image quality Short (and therefore numerous) exposures Photometric precision Astrometric precision • At a detailed level, some distinctions emerge – The PHO census benefits particularly from astrometric precision and demands short exposure times – The supernova program places a particular premium on photometric precision – The weak lensing program requires good control of the image shape – The GRB program requires prompt processing of the image data • The priority 1 science goals span this space of requirements – If these goals can be met then most, if not all, other science goals can also be satisfied. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 18

Pan-STARRS System Concept Above considerations lead to a system concept of a distributed array

Pan-STARRS System Concept Above considerations lead to a system concept of a distributed array of 3 or more telescopes, each with a Gigapixel camera with a 3 degree FOV made up of arrays of OTA CCDs. • Set of small telescopes is cheaper than single large telescope of equivalent collecting area. C D 2. 6 – 3, but A D² • Allows simultaneous imaging of nearly the same field by ≥ 3 cameras • Fills in gaps and dead cells • Unambiguous identification of artifacts (cosmic rays etc) • Array of arrays CCD design dramatically improves yield, reduces cost. • Produces a clean combined image at a given time stamp. • Image reduction of individual detector images is highly parallel • Must reduce data at very nearly the same rate that you take it, or processing will fall behind. • Data processing can be done by large cluster of pc processors. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 19

System Top-Level Description Conceptual Design: Divide System into six Subsystem modules that have conceptually

System Top-Level Description Conceptual Design: Divide System into six Subsystem modules that have conceptually simple interfaces. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Telescopes (includes enclosure) Cameras (includes control software) Observatory, Telescope, and Instrument Software Image Processing Pipeline Moving Object Processing System Published Science Products System Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited (TEL) (CAM) (OTIS) (IPP) (MOPS) (PSPS) 20

Pan-STARRS Overview Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

Pan-STARRS Overview Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 21

Pan-STARRS Operations and Process Flow Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004

Pan-STARRS Operations and Process Flow Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 22

Pan-STARRS Operations and Data Flow Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004

Pan-STARRS Operations and Data Flow Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 23

Science Data Products • Instrumental catalogs - Instrumental magnitudes, coordinates - For precision astrometry/photometry

Science Data Products • Instrumental catalogs - Instrumental magnitudes, coordinates - For precision astrometry/photometry - Postage stamps for bright objects • Cumulative static sky images - Signal + exposure maps - Best + working + compressed intermediate saves • Static sky catalogs - Includes time history of object magnitudes • Difference image detection stream • Recent (~1 month) source and difference images Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 24

Data Validation and Science Program Compliance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Data Validation and Science Program Compliance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 Image Quality Assessment Image Science Validation Schedule Assessment Schedule Changes User Feedback Science Goals Modification Science Program Modification System Modification UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 25

Pan-STARRS External Data Products Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY

Pan-STARRS External Data Products Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 26

Today lets talk about four: 1. 2. 3. 4. Published Science Products System Telescopes

Today lets talk about four: 1. 2. 3. 4. Published Science Products System Telescopes (includes enclosure) Cameras (includes control software) Image Processing Pipeline Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited (PSPS) (TEL) (CAM) (IPP) 27

PSPS Conceptual Design Components Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY

PSPS Conceptual Design Components Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 28

88” site option Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF

88” site option Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 29

88” Site Option Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF

88” Site Option Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 30

88” Site Option Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF

88” Site Option Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 31

Haleakala Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE

Haleakala Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 32

Haleakala High Altitude Observatory Site Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004

Haleakala High Altitude Observatory Site Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 33

Overview LURE Dome - To be Replaced by Ice. Storm Enclosure housing PS 1

Overview LURE Dome - To be Replaced by Ice. Storm Enclosure housing PS 1 Telescope MAGNUM Dome Currently being replaced by University of Tokyo (at increased height) Service Building To be Refurbished Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited LURE building To be Demolished (excavated to rock) 34

Completed Facility Series II Ice. Storm Enclosure Refurbished LURE Building New Access Stairs Completed

Completed Facility Series II Ice. Storm Enclosure Refurbished LURE Building New Access Stairs Completed facility is contained within envelope of existing building plan Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 35

Enclosure Overview (Perspective) Level 3 : Observing Floor Level 2 : Floor below Mirror

Enclosure Overview (Perspective) Level 3 : Observing Floor Level 2 : Floor below Mirror Cart / Camera Cart Rails Service Balcony 1200 mm wide Access Door to Level 1 : Equipment / Rack Room (door not shown) Access Stair Access Balcony Ground Level : Storage Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 36

Support Building Plan Hoist Beam Door M 1 2. 2 m Roller Door to

Support Building Plan Hoist Beam Door M 1 2. 2 m Roller Door to Ground Floor of Enclosure Camera Workshop Camera Mezzanine Floor Over Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 37

Telescope Block Diagram • Blue Lines show mechanical interfaces = internal • Red lines

Telescope Block Diagram • Blue Lines show mechanical interfaces = internal • Red lines show control interfaces = external • Open circles = external control computers/processes • Open boxes = external subsystems • CC = Cassegrain Core • M 1, M 2 = Primary & Secondary mirrors • L 1 -L 3 = Corrector Lenses • B 1 -B 3 = Baffles Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 38

Optical Design Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

Optical Design Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 39

Detector design • Problem: need to reduce cost/pixel, decrease read times • Solution -

Detector design • Problem: need to reduce cost/pixel, decrease read times • Solution - array of arrays – Each 5 x 5 cm device is a 8 x 8 grid of independently addressable cells • Increased yield • Multiplexed readout • Ameliorates effects of bright stars • Continuous monitoring of many guide stars across focal plane Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 40

OTA Package Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

OTA Package Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 41

Gigapixel camera focal plane Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY

Gigapixel camera focal plane Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 42

Orthogonal Transfer Technology • • Conventional “ 3 -phase” devices clock charge in 1

Orthogonal Transfer Technology • • Conventional “ 3 -phase” devices clock charge in 1 direction. Adding a 4 th gate per pixel allows clocking in 2 -D – On chip fast guiding - guide out motions arising from first ~100 m of atmosphere Pixel structure Independently Addressable Cell Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited OTA: 8 x 8 Array of Cells 43

OTCCDs Work M 13 I band 300 sec Telescope guiding only 0. 59" FWHM

OTCCDs Work M 13 I band 300 sec Telescope guiding only 0. 59" FWHM psf Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 With OT tracking 0. 45" FWHM psf 7 Hz frame rate UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 44

Typical Sequenced Readout • Open Shutter • Acquire – ~1 sec integration, readout ~0.

Typical Sequenced Readout • Open Shutter • Acquire – ~1 sec integration, readout ~0. 5 sec – Pixelserver determines ~5 guide objects in 5 cells per OTA • Guide + Integration – ~5 guide cell subarray readout at 10 -30 Hz (<100 Hz) – Pixelserver centroids and determines guide subarray position – Pixelserver also computes OT parallel shift patterns for remaining cell • Expected Itimes Nominal 10 s of seconds – Max ~1000 sec – Min ~shutter speed/setup • Apply OT parallel shift clocks (~10 usec each) • Delay ~50 msec • Close shutter and Readout < 5 sec Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 45

Image Acquisition & Camera Operations Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004

Image Acquisition & Camera Operations Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 46

OTA Input and Control • Sequenced readout • Guide rates 10 -30 Hz •

OTA Input and Control • Sequenced readout • Guide rates 10 -30 Hz • Nominal guide patch 10 arcsec patch = ~32 X 32 pixels ( 0. 3 arcsec/pixel ) 10 msec/1024 pixels = 9. 77 μsec/pixel, max speed clock + signal condition + ADC + buffer • Centroid and shift calculation time + Change clock patterns, latency goal = 2 msec • Clocking pattern time resolution ~10 nsec Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 47

OTA Output • 100 K e- well and expected 4 e- noise at 1

OTA Output • 100 K e- well and expected 4 e- noise at 1 MHz • 2 e- noise goal at 100 k. Hz (guiding) • ADC bit resolution – approx two bits on the noise 100 k / 4 = 25 K X 2 = 50 K resolution wanted (16 bits = 64 K ( > 14 bits)) • Image memory OTA 4096 x 4096 pixels = 16 M pixels = 32 MBytes (16 bit resolution) 8 x 8 focal plane = 1 Gpixel = 2 Gbytes (16 bit) • Data buffering and storage Unless data transport is real time, minimum storage is 2 Gbytes 4 Gbytes double buffered. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 48

Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR

Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 49

Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR

Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 50

IPP Overview IPP Image Server - repository for all images and other large data

IPP Overview IPP Image Server - repository for all images and other large data files. Images and other data files may be distributed to specific nodes in the cluster. Location of objects may be returned as well. IPP AP Database - storage and manipulation of astronomical objects & detections. Performs quick association of detections. Provides basic tools for astrometric and photometric calibrations. Speed more important that sophistication of queries. IPP Metadata DB - storage for other data, including calibration, processing, and logging information. IPP Scheduler - decides on the next tasks to be done IPP Controller - assigns, manages, and monitors analysis tasks on machines on the cluster. selects machines based on the data location reported by the Image Server. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 51

IPP Analysis Phase 1 - Analysis preparation stage: determines rough astrometry from guide stars.

IPP Analysis Phase 1 - Analysis preparation stage: determines rough astrometry from guide stars. Phase 2 - Per-Chip Image pre-processing: applies calibration images, performs basic object detection, determines improved astrometry & photometry, characterizes the PSF. Phase 3 - Per-FPA Calibration Improvement: tweaks astrometry, photometry, and PSF model for a complete FPA. Phase 4 - Image Combination: merges a set of images, rejects outlier pixels, subtracts static sky, detects transients, updates static sky, detects objects. Calibration - Construction of calibration images. Should be run in off times (night, bad weather). Astro. Ref, Photo. Ref - construction of improved astrometric & photometric references. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 52

IPP Analysis Stages Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF

IPP Analysis Stages Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 53

Derived Requirements: Astrometry Performance 8. 7. 13 astrometric accuracy for commissioning phase: 750 mas

Derived Requirements: Astrometry Performance 8. 7. 13 astrometric accuracy for commissioning phase: 750 mas 8. 7. 14 astrometric accuracy for reference catalog phase: 250 mas 8. 7. 15 astrometric accuracy for normal operations: 100 mas 8. 7. 20 astrometric reference within 6 months (from end of AP Survey) 8. 7. 21 astrometric reference astrometry accuracy: 100 mas (abs), 30 mas (rel) 8. 7. 22 astrometric reference proper motion accuracy: 20 mas / year Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 54

Derived Requirements: Photometry Performance 8. 7. 16 photometric accuracy for commissioning phase: 25 millimags

Derived Requirements: Photometry Performance 8. 7. 16 photometric accuracy for commissioning phase: 25 millimags 8. 7. 17 photometric accuracy for reference catalog phase: 10 millimags 8. 7. 18 relative photometric accuracy for normal operations: 5 millimags 8. 7. 19 absolute photometric accuracy for normal operations: 10 millimags 8. 7. 23 photometric reference within 6 months (from end of AP Survey) 8. 7. 24 photometric reference global consistency: 5 millimag 8. 7. 25 photometric reference absolute accuracy: 10 millimag 8. 7. 4 Master cal. image introduce less than 0. 2% errors 8. 7. 7 Excise >99% of outlier pixels from stack Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 55

Derived Requirements: Publishing / Storing 8. 7. 29 provide transients to MOPS by the

Derived Requirements: Publishing / Storing 8. 7. 29 provide transients to MOPS by the end of the night 8. 7. 30 provide metadata to MOPS by the end of the night 8. 7. 31 provide transients to other clients within 5 min after exposure ends 8. 7. 26 publish static sky images to PSPS every 6 months 8. 7. 27 publish detected objects to PSPS every 1 month 8. 7. 28 publish metadata to PSPS every 1 week 8. 7. 32 store raw images for 1 month 8. 7. 33 store detected objects for 1 year 8. 7. 34 store metadata for project lifetime Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 56

PS 1 Operations Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF

PS 1 Operations Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 57

PS 1 Design Reference Mission • Commissioning Program (CP) Telescope will be fully commissioned

PS 1 Design Reference Mission • Commissioning Program (CP) Telescope will be fully commissioned before Reference Mission begins. • Astrometry and Photometry (AP) 3 Survey (AP) Five band (grizy) all sky survey, including galactic plane. • Image Processing Pipeline (IPP) Verification Program (IVP) Five band medium deep survey of about 84 square degrees. • Moving Object Pipeline (MOP) Verification Program (MVP) Single wide band survey of the ``sweet spots’’ in the ecliptic plane. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 58

Astrometry & Photometry (AP) 3 Survey Goals for Astrometry and Photometry Survey: Residuals in

Astrometry & Photometry (AP) 3 Survey Goals for Astrometry and Photometry Survey: Residuals in instrumental zero points 0. 5% rms for photometry. Residuals for absolute astrometry 30 milli-arc seconds (1/10 th of a raw pixel). Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 59

IPP Verification Program - A Medium Deep Survey Goals for Image Processing Pipeline Verification

IPP Verification Program - A Medium Deep Survey Goals for Image Processing Pipeline Verification Program Total of 7200 seconds in 5 filters once every four nights. Total of 84 square degrees in twelve fields spaced evenly in RA. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 60

MOP Verification Program An Ecliptic Plane Survey in a wide filter • • Two

MOP Verification Program An Ecliptic Plane Survey in a wide filter • • Two Standard `Sweet Spots’ consist of a total area of 1, 200 sq. deg (|beta| < 10, and |lambda| < 15). Each integration consists of four 30 second consecutive exposures to simulate PS 4. Each is followed a Unit Time Interval (UIT) later by another integration. After a zero epoch, this is done three times per lunation to establish an orbit. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 61

PS 1 Data Storage Requirements • We can save all the raw data from

PS 1 Data Storage Requirements • We can save all the raw data from year 1 and one stacked image with about 0. 5 Petabytes of storage. • With this approach it will possible to re-reduce the AP survey during year 2 with the global astrometric and photometric solutions. Pan-STARRS PY 2 EOC Review #2 3 August 2004 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII INSTITUTE FOR ASTRONOMY Approved for Public Release - Distribution is Unlimited 62