Pan American Health Organization Pan American Sanitary Bureau
Pan American Health Organization Pan American Sanitary Bureau Regional Office for the Americas for the World Health Organization
Partnerships for Advancing Health in the Americas Collaboration between CDC and PAHO David Brandling-Bennett Pan American Health Organization 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 2
A Brief History of PAHO • 1902 - Established to help American republics prevent the spread of diseases without impeding travel or trade • 1924 - Pan American Sanitary Code defines functions of PAHO • 1949 - Becomes the WHO Regional Office for the Americas • 1950 - Recognized as the specialized health agency in the Inter-American system 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 3
How Does PAHO Function? • A presence in every country • Country-specific and regional programs • A technical cooperation agency, not a funding agency • Promotes cooperation among countries • Relies on partnerships for technical and financial resources 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 4
What is Technical Cooperation? • Building internal capacity to address national and regional health needs • The functions of technical cooperation – Training – Setting norms and standards – Mobilizing resources – Disseminating information – Research 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 5
The Benefits of Partnership • Skills and knowledge are mobilized and resources are shared • Experience builds expertise • Common interests and approaches are developed • Further knowledge is gained and shared • Awareness of how to transfer and build capacity is enhanced 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 6
Some Areas of Collaboration in Infectious Diseases • • • Poliomyelitis Measles Influenza HIV/AIDS STIs Tuberculosis Dengue Hemorrhagic fevers Foodborne diseases 12/18/2021 • • • Malaria Chagas disease Lymphatic filariasis Onchocerciasis Cysticercosis Rabies Plague Equine encephalitis Hepatitis Pan American Health Organization 2001 7
Some Areas of Collaboration in Infectious Diseases, cont’d • • • Infectious disease surveillance Response to epidemics and emergencies Drinking water disinfection Antimicrobial resistance Response to emerging infections Building public health laboratory capacity 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 8
Some Other Collaborations • • Tobacco control Reproductive health Maternal mortality Birth defects Nutrition Oral health Violence Injury surveillance, prevention, control • Lead poisoning 12/18/2021 • Environmental epidemiology • Toxic hazards • Occupational health • Insecticide quality control • Diabetes • Blood lipids • Physical activity Pan American Health Organization 2001 9
Some Other Collaborations, cont’d • • • Behavioral risk factor surveillance Non-communicable disease surveillance Essential public health functions Public health performance assessment Laboratory management and performance Disease classification Mortality data analysis Geographical information systems U. S. -Mexico border health 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 10
Polio Eradication Progress, 1988 -2001* 350, 000 cases Polio-infected countries (map as of 27 June 2001) 253 cases* * EPI data as of August 2001 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 11
Vaccination coverage and reported number of measles cases Region of the Americas, 1980 -2001*# Confirmed cases (thousands) Follow-up campaigns Routine infant vaccination coverage (%) Catch-up campaigns Source: PAHO/WHO * Data as of 18 August 2001 - 384 confirmed cases # Coverage data for children <1 year of age 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 12
Canada PAHO Measles Laboratory Network CDC, Atlanta INDRE, Mexico IPK, Cuba LHU, Haiti LNSP, Dominican Republic LNR, Guatemala CCG, Panama LCMSP, El Salvador CNDR, Nicaragua LR, Costa Rica INS, Colombia CAREC, Trinidad INH, Venezuela INH, Ecuador INS, Peru Cenetrop, Bolivia LCSP, Paraguay FIOCRUZ, Brazil Laboratories testing via EIA Ig. M Serology Inst. Adolfo Lutz, Brazil LCM, Uruguay ISP, Chile 12/18/2021 LDI, Argentina Pan American Health Organization 2001 13
Salmonella Drug Resistance by Site (1998/1999) % Resistant 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Kanamycin Sulfa/Trim Cephalothin Gentamicin Nalid. Acid Tetracycline Lima (N=23) 12/18/2021 Callao (N=33) Sta Cruz (N=12) NARMS 98 (N=1466) Pan American Health Organization 2001 14
Potential Problems in Collaboration • Tendency to do the job rather than transfer and build capacity • Unclear lines of supervision and responsibility • Need to report back to the head office before decisions are taken • Lack of familiarity with how to work with multiple partners 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 15
Elements Essential for Success • Technology must be appropriate, evidence-based, and sustainable • Mutual respect, shared commitment, open communication • Adequate human and financial resources • Longer-term commitments when needed • Consistency with regional and global objectives 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 16
Conclusions • We must work to build capacity and generate resources so that progress is sustained internally. • Collaboration usually involves multiple partners, including several government agencies, NGOs, universities, and others. • Situations may change quickly, requiring sensitivity and flexibility. 12/18/2021 Pan American Health Organization 2001 17
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