Paleolithic Age l Old Stone Age l Pastoral

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Paleolithic Age l “Old Stone” Age l Pastoral Nomads l Hunters and Gatherers

Paleolithic Age l “Old Stone” Age l Pastoral Nomads l Hunters and Gatherers

Neolithic Age l “New Stone” Age l Domesticated Animals l Farming led to: –

Neolithic Age l “New Stone” Age l Domesticated Animals l Farming led to: – Surplus – Settled way of life – Cultural achievements – Rise of city-states – Civilization

Eight Components of Civilization: 1. Cities l Agriculture allowed for a surplus (which was

Eight Components of Civilization: 1. Cities l Agriculture allowed for a surplus (which was difficult to move) l River valleys: agriculture required a stable source of water

Eight Components of Civilization: 2. Government Issues laws, collects taxes, organizes defense, monitors/rations food

Eight Components of Civilization: 2. Government Issues laws, collects taxes, organizes defense, monitors/rations food supply l Bureaucracy – managing government through departments of officials l Protecting the surplus was of the utmost importance l

Eight Components of Civilization: 3. Religion People believed in higher beings l Polytheistic –

Eight Components of Civilization: 3. Religion People believed in higher beings l Polytheistic – many gods l People wanted to gain favor with the gods l

Eight Components of Civilization: 4. Writing Crucial skill for early civilizations l Pictograms –

Eight Components of Civilization: 4. Writing Crucial skill for early civilizations l Pictograms – simple drawings to show words l Scribes – as writing became complex these trained experts learned to read and write l

Eight Components of Civilization: 5. Social Classes People were ranked according to their jobs/occupations

Eight Components of Civilization: 5. Social Classes People were ranked according to their jobs/occupations l Priests and nobles were at the top level of society l Next, came merchants, artisans, peasant farmers, and finally…. . slaves. l

Eight Components of Civilization: 6. Public Works Monumental architecture – temples, palaces l Irrigation

Eight Components of Civilization: 6. Public Works Monumental architecture – temples, palaces l Irrigation systems, roads and bridges l Defensive walls l

Eight Components of Civilization: 7. Job Specialization l Specialization brought expertise l Artisans –

Eight Components of Civilization: 7. Job Specialization l Specialization brought expertise l Artisans – skilled craft workers who made pottery or woven goods

Eight Components of Civilization: 8. Art and Architecture l Expressed the beliefs and values

Eight Components of Civilization: 8. Art and Architecture l Expressed the beliefs and values of people who created them l Temples and palaces reassured people of the strength and power of their government and religion