PACKET 12 Animal Behavior Ecology Animal Behavior Notes
PACKET 12: Animal Behavior & Ecology
Animal Behavior Notes INNATE BEHAVIOR _________________ (Instinct) behavior that has a genetic basis and does not need to be taught Ex: A baby crying, a spider building its web, a mammal nursing from its mother right after it’s born
Animal Behavior Notes TERM REFLEX FIGHT OR FLIGHT COURTSHIP TERRITORIALITY DEFINITION automatic response to a stimulus Instinctual response that occurs when an organism is threatened. The body prepares the organism to stay & fight or flee. ways of attracting mates through sounds, sight or smell Behavior that allows animals to occupy & dominate a specific area. EXAMPLE FROM MOVIE
Animal Behavior Notes TERM DEFINITION AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Helps to prevent some animals from using limited resources. Often involves a specific area or territory. DOMINANCE HEIRARCHY Social structure among a group of animals in which one is dominant and the others have subordinate positions. CIRCADIAN RHTHYMS MIGRATION Daily/24 hour cycles. Ex. Sleep cycle Seasonal cycles that involve mass movement of animals. EXAMPLE FROM MOVIE
Animal Behavior Notes TERM HIBERNATION ESTIVATION DEFINITION EXAMPLE FROM MOVIE A state of inactivity in animals, with lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate which conserves energy. Ex: Polar bears in the winter. Similar to hibernation, but during the months of the summer. Ex: some reptiles & amphibians go underground to avoid heat and drought.
Animal Behavior Notes TERM DEFINITION The response of an organism moving away or toward something TAXIS Ex. Phototaxis…light, chemotaxis – chemical PHEREMONE ___________ chemical secreted by an animal, especially an insect, that influences the behavior or development of others of the same species. It is used to secure territory and attract mates. EXAMPLE FROM MOVIE
Animal Behavior Notes LEARNED ____________ behavior - must be observed or taught to acquire the behavior TERM HABITUATION IMPRINTING DEFINITION EXAMPLE FROM MOVIE learning to ignore a stimulus (ex: if you live next to the train tracks you probably are unaware trains when they pass – become desensitized) Quick learning in young animals involving recognition and attraction to members of their own species or Ex: Baby geese naturally follow a parent.
TERM Animal Behavior Notes MOTIVATION DEFINITION Forces and influences that drive an individual to achieving certain goals TRIAL & ERROR Learning to behave through repeated practice in order to receive a reward or avoid a punishment. CONDITIONING act of associating one stimulus with another EXAMPLE FROM MOVIE
TERM Animal Behavior Notes INSIGHT DEFINITION Most complex learned behavior. Ability to problem solve or to perform a correct or appropriate behavior the first time the animal is exposed to a situation. Passing of information from one COMMUNICATION organism to another w/sight, sound, touch or chemical signal & LANGUAGE (pheremones) EXAMPLE FROM MOVIE
Additional organism interactions: Competition Organisms attempt to use the ________ resource GEESE FIGHTING FOR NESTING SITES Example: _________________________ SAME Symbiosis – two species living closely with each other ◦ Mutualism both species __________ from the relationship ON RHINO’S BACK, MILLI & THE MITES example: BIRD _________________________ BENEFIT ◦ parasitism HARMED one species BENEFITS ________, the other is __________ TAPEWORMS, LEECHES example: TICKS, ________________________ Predation HUNTS PREYS One organism __________ and ________ on another & CARIBOU, LION & GAZELLE Example: WOLF _________________________
Predator Prey Relationships What is happening to the predator population between points c and d on the graph? Why? Predators are increasing b/c there is more prey. What is happening to the predator population at point e? Why is this happening? Predators are decreasing b/c the prey went down. What is happening to the prey population at point b? Why is this happening? The prey are starting to go up b/c there are less predators
Predator Prey Relationships Suppose that human activity were to wipe out a large number of predators between points c and d. Predict what would happen to the prey population between points c and e. The prey would increase uncontrollably. Why is it important to have predators in an ecosystem? To control the prey population. Prevents animals that eat plants from eating too many plants. Plants can regenerate and also provides habitat to other animals.
The Lion King Click on the image to play the video clips. What are some biotic and abiotic factors from the movie? List organisms that fit in each category: producer, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore. Timon (meerkat), Simba (lion), Zazu (bird), Scar (lion), Rafiki (monkey), Pumba (warthog), hyenas, gazelles, elephants, rhinos, Nala (lion), zebras, grass, trees, grubs, Mufasa (lion)
Ecology is the study of interactions among _____________ with their environment. ORGANISMS BIOMES _________ refers to the parts of the Earth were LIFE you will find _____! Biotic factors = Abiotic factors = ◦ the organisms that interact with each other LIFE ◦ Bio- = __________ ◦ the non-living parts of the environment ◦ a + bio = NON-LIVING ________
BIOTIC VERSUS ABIOTIC Write biotic or abiotic into each of the blanks based on the definitions above. BIOTIC Plant = _________ factor ABIOTIC Soil = _________factor BIOTIC Insect = _________factor ABIOTIC Rainfall = ________ factor
Levels of Organization SPECIES ____________ = group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring POPULATION = groups of ____________ individuals in the same species that live in the same area COMMUNITY = different ____________ populations living in the same area ECOSYSTEM = ____________ collection of organisms (biotic) in a particular area AND the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment
Quick Check BIOTIC FACTORS __________1. all living organisms in a habitat ECOLOGY __________ 2. NICHE __________ 3. COMMUNITY __________ 4. ABIOTIC __________ 5. study of a habitat’s abiotic and biotic factors An organisms job or role deer, squirrels, and rabbits living together soil, water, weather HABITAT __________ 6. place where a population lives POPULATION __________ 7. one species of freshwater fish in a lake ECOSYSTEM __________ 8. community and abiotic factors
Pre-Assessment Food Chains, Food Webs, and Food Pyramids 1. Energy (increases, decreases, stays the same) as you move through a food chain. 2. The ultimate source of energy is (the sun, plants, animals). 3. Producers are organisms that (makes their own food, obtain energy from non-living matter, or obtain food from other organisms). 4. Consumers are organisms that (makes their own food, obtain energy from non-living matter, or obtain food from other organisms). 5. Decomposers are organisms that (makes their own food, obtain energy from non-living matter, or obtain food from other organisms). 6. Where would you find humans to be on a food pyramid? TOP 7. Energy can move through an ecosystem (only once, more than once).
Energy Flow THE SUN __________ is the main source of energy 1 for life on Earth; less than ______% though is used for life organisms that can capture energy from the sun and use it to produce food are called AUTOTROPHS PRODUCERS ____________ or __________ Many organisms cannot directly use the energy HETEROTROPHS or from the sun. They are __________ CONSUMERS _________as they have to “eat” the producers
AUTOTROPHS & HETEROTROPHS Type Autotroph Photosynthetic “food” source examples SUN PLANTS CHEMICALS BACTERIA Herbivore PLANTS COW Carnivore ANIMALS LION Chemosynthetic Heterotroph Omnivore PLANTS & ANIMALS Decomposer DEAD THINGS BACTERIA, MUSHROOMS HUMANS BEARS
ENERGY FLOW Energy flow in an ecosystem occurs in just ONE DIRECTION ________________, from the producer to the consumer Food chain - a series of steps in which ENERGY organisms transfer _______ by eating and being eaten (A food web is more realistic) ◦ The arrow shows the direction of the energy TROPHIC ◦ Each step is called a ___________ level
Ecological Pyramids FOUR Usually there are no more than _______ levels (limited due to the amount of available energy) 10 Only _____% of the energy passes from one level to the next There is less energy at each higher level because it is used for life and is lost as HEAT ________
Ecological Pyramids
Ecological Pyramids TERTIARY CONSUMERS SECONDARY CONSUMERS PRIMARY CONSUMERS PRODUCERS
The Lion King On your own sheet of paper, use the characters from the movie Lion King to correctly form relationships, label & fill in the trophic pyramid, and answer the question below. Timon, Simba, Zazu, Scar, Rafiki, Pumba, hyenas, gazelles, elephants, rhinos, Nala, zebras, grass, trees, grubs, Mufasa The grass has 10, 000 units of energy. A grub ate grass, Pumba ate the grub and Scar ate Pumba. How much energy did Scar get?
The Lion King On your own sheet of paper, use the characters from the movie Lion King to correctly form relationships, label & fill in the trophic pyramid, and answer the question below. Timon, Simba, Zazu, Scar, Rafiki, Pumba, hyenas, gazelles, elephants, rhinos, Nala, zebras, grass, trees, grubs, Mufasa The grass has 10, 000 units of energy. A grub ate grass, Pumba ate the grub and Scar ate Pumba. How much energy did Scar get? 10 units of energy Carnivores Simba, Nala, Mustafa, Scar, hyenas Omnivores Rafiki, Pumba, Timon, Zazu Herbivores gazelles, grubs, zebras, rhinos, elephants Producers grass, trees 10 units 100 units 1, 000 units 10, 000 units
Food Chain A food chain is a link out of a food web:
Food Web 1. Which animal(s) is at the highest point in the energy pyramid? 2. Which organisms are producers? 3. Which organisms have the least energy (originating from the sun)? 4. Which organisms have the most energy (originating from the sun)? HAWK, MOUNTAIN LION GRASSES & TREES
WATER CYCLE PRECIPITATION _________________ - water from the clouds falls down onto the land. TRANSPIRATION ________________ - water loss from the leaves of plants EVAPORATION ________________ - water loss from bodies of water due to the effects of the sun ________________ - water accumulation in the clouds CONDENSATION
Nitrogen Cycle About 80% of the Earth’s atmosphere is composed of nitrogen. This cannot be directly used by plants and animals. Plants and animals need nitrogen to make organic compounds such as PROTEINS, DNA AND RNA Bacteria in the soil convert those nitrogen into forms plants can use. FIXATION This is called _________. Plants use the nitrogen in the soil to grow. Animals eat the plants; then animal and plant residues return nitrogen to the soil again, completing the cycle.
CARBON CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to some oxygen in a gas called carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide and sunlight to make their own food and grow. The carbon becomes part of the plant. Plants that die and are FOSSILS buried may turn into _________ made of carbon like coal and oil over millions of years. When humans burn fossil fuels, most of the ATMOSPHERE as carbon dioxide. carbon quickly enters the __________ VOLCANOES also release carbon Natural processes such as ________ dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a GREENHOUSE _______ gas and traps heat in the atmosphere. Without it and other greenhouse gases, Earth would be a frozen world. But humans have burned so much fuel that there is about 30% more carbon dioxide in the air today than there was about 150 years ago, and Earth is becoming a warmer place – GLOBAL WARMING
OXYGEN CYCLE PLANTS _________ - release oxygen through the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS _________ ANIMALS ________ take in oxygen and use it during CELLULAR RESPIRATION
OZONE LAYER The __________is a layer of O 3 in the atmosphere that absorbs 97– 99% of the suns UV radiation. The ozone layer has been depleted due the use of certain chemicals including CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS _____________ or CFC’s. Breakdown of the ozone allows more harmful radiation to the Earth’s surface. Many countries have banned the use of CFC’s in aerosol sprays. This has helped to lessen ozone layer depletion.
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