PA 544 AP Topic Objectives Intro Topic Objectives
PA 544 A&P Topic Objectives
Intro: Topic Objectives • Be able to identify basic body plan that underlies all anatomy • Be able to apply concept of internal vs. external environments of body • Be able to use the language of anatomy to describe and identify anatomical and pathological features • Be able to describe and apply the reflex arc to homeostatic control
Skin: Topic Objectives • Be able to list the primary functions and layers of the skin • Apply the severity of a burn to the layer of skin affected and be able to apply the rule of “ 9’s” • Be able to list structures associated with the accessory structures of the skin
Skeletal: Topic Objectives • Be able to list the difference between the different types of cartilage and where they are found in the body • Be able to identify the structures of the long bone, and general histology of bone • Be able to list the steps of both types of bone ossification and healing • Be able to identify the bones and joints of the body
Muscle: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe and compare the types of muscle tissue and their histology • Be able to list and infer the functions and attributes of muscle tissue to physiological needs of the body • Be able to explain muscular physiology and compare the differences between types of muscle
General Circulation: Topic Objectives • Be able to explain the flow of blood and lymph through the body • Be able to list the blood vessels of the body and their functions including capillary types • Be able to assess the effects of blood vessels on BP and blood flow • Be able to predict the affect of atherosclerosis on BP • Be able to calculate pulse pressure, CO and mean arterial pressure • Be able to describe the relationships between Korotkoff sounds and SP and DP
Lymphatics: Topic Objectives • Be able to list and explain the flow of lymph and the function of its main organs • Be able to explain how lymph is generated • Be able to illustrate lymph node anatomy and explain its function immunologically • Be able to deduce the effect of elephantiasis and infection on lymph flow
General Neuro: Topic Objectives • Be able to list and explain the general divisions of the nervous system and diagram a reflex arc. • Identify and explain nervous tissue histology both functionally and anatomically • Identify and explain the parts and functions of neurons • Be able to deduce the effects of membrane ionic changes on membrane potentials • Understand the process of myelination and be able to predict outcomes of myelination failure or injury • Understand neurotransmission and be able to predict effect on membrane • Be able to describe events of regeneration
Head Region: Topic Objectives • Be able to list and identify the parts of the adult skull, fetal skull, scalp, face, and mandible. • Understand importance of “danger area” of scalp and be able to predict spread of infection from scalp to meninges • List and identify the functions of CN V and VII • Be able to relate soft tissue structures to skeletal and surface anatomy • List and identify the blood and lymph flow of the head
General sensation and Orbital Region: Topic Objectives • Be able to identify the four basic conditions necessary for sensation • Be able to apply the characteristics of sensation to unique clinical and pathological conditions • Distinguish how sensory intensity is coded in action potentials and how processing enhances signal identification • Apply referred pain signals to specific organs or internal areas of the body • Be able to identify all structures of the eye and orbit. • Be able to apply the cardinal directions to eye movement and in identifying the causes of basic palsies and nerve involvement. • Be able to compare the physiological reasons for emmetropia , myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, cataract and glaucoma. • Be able to contrast field of vision vs. optic field, and the effect of lesions to optic nerve, optic chiasma, and optic tract
Nasal and Temporal Region: Topic Objectives • Be able to list and identify the parts of nasal and temporal region including skeletal, muscle, nervous and blood supply • Be able to identify on X-ray the paranasal sinuses and their relationships to the nasal cavity • Understand the relationship between olfaction and meningitis risk • Be able to outline the transmission of sound through the ear • Be able to explain sound translation with regard to loudness and pitch physiologically and anatomically • Be able to contrast the differences between static and dynamic equilibrium
Oral Region: Topic Objectives • Be able to label and identify all skeletal, muscular and surface anatomy structures • Be able to identify the major structures of the oral cavity, tongue, pharynx and teeth. • Be able to describe the type of taste humans perceive. • Understand the innervations of the tongue. • Be able to describe the different types of teeth and the contrast the difference between deciduous and permanent teeth
Cranial Fossa: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe the distribution of grey and white matter in the brain and spinal cord • Be able to describe the arrangement of the meninges and the differences between cranial and spinal meninges • Be able to describe blood flow to and from the cranial fossae • Be able to describe normal CSF flow • Be able to deduce consequence of CSF blockages • Be able to identify the major parts and regions of the brain and spinal cord and their development • Be able to describe the functions of selected areas of the brain • Understand brain blood flow and be able to predict vascular changes to the circle of Willis when an obstruction occurs in a single vessel • Be able to describe Cranial Nerve location and function • Be able to predict functional loss with CN paralysis
Endocrine: Topic Objectives • Be able to compare endocrine with neurological control • Be able to classify hormone types • Understand controlling factors in hormone response and effectiveness • Be able to compare and contrast hormone mechanism of action and the roll of second messengers • Be able to describe and explain entire GH reflex and contrast malfunctions
Neck: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe and identify the major muscles, bones and surface anatomy of the neck. • Be able to identify the architecture of the spinal cord anatomically and functionally • Be able to list the components of ascending and descending pathways of the cord and the cervical and brachial plexi • Be able to describe the fascia of the neck and apply its significance to clinically important conditions • Be able to describe the borders of triangles of the neck and list their components • Be able to identify thyroid structures including anatomical variations • Be able to predict level of thyroid malfunction physiologically • Be able to describe hypo and hyper thyroid causes and effects • Be able to describe the action of PTH • Be able to identify the cartilage and soft components of the larynx • Be able to predict the response of the baroreceptors to changing BP • Be able to describe the sequence of the swallowing refle
Chest & Pleura: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe and identify the major muscles, bones and surface anatomy of the chest. • Be able to describe the anatomy of the female breast including its blood and lymphatic supply. • Be able to evaluate the significance of breast lymphatic drainage to metastasis in breast cancer. • Be able to describe and evaluate the role of chest muscles and elasticity in breathing. • Be able to apply lung pressures to the breathing cycle and assess their importance in tension pneumothorax. • Be able to describe and identify all major structures on the lower respiratory tract. • Be able to describe the conditioning of respiratory air. • Be able to describe all lung cell known functions. • Be able to describe the neurological and sensory control of breathing • Be able to apply respiratory regulation to COPD
Mediastinum: Topic Objectives • Be able to identify and describe the contents of the three major divisions of the mediastinum. • Be able to identify normal and pathological variations of the aortic arch and congenital heart defects. • Be able to explain differences and similarities between adult and fetal blood flow, and list changes needed at birth. • Be able to explain cardiac muscle cell depolarization and relate its significance to heart function. • Be able to identify and describe all structures of heart anatomy and their function. • Understand coronary circulation and its normal and some pathological variations. • Be able to trace the flow of blood through the heart chambers and relate it to valve operation and heart sounds. • Be able to identify and trace coronary electrical conduction and its relevance to EKG • Be able to explain cardiac rate and force of contraction control • Be able to calculate CO and SV • Be able to predict effects on heart performance with changes in CO and SV, induced by changes in Starling forces, venous return, BP, and HR
Blood: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe the physical properties of the blood including its components. • Be able to explain how blood cells develop and what key ingredients are necessary in RBC development. • Understand hemoglobin structure and the effect of a point mutation. • Understand the molecular basis of blood typing and be able to interpret blood typing tests results. • Be able to apply blood types in transfusions and list their abundance. • Be able to describe the characteristics of WBC types and their abundance, be able to use differential WBC count data to interpret selected clinical diagnosis. • Be able to describe platelet formation and their characteristics and functions. • Be able to describe hemostatic reflexes and the clotting process • Be able to explain the results of bleeding and clotting tests and the types of bleeding disorders.
Immunity: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe the multilevel defenses of the body. • Be able to describe the symptoms and triggers for inflammation. • Be able to define adaptive immunity, antibodies, antigens and haptens. • Be able to explain how haptens can be immunoreactive but not immunogenic. • Be able to explain how T and B cells become immunocompetent and activated. • Be able to identify the different cell types produced in monoclonal expansion of lymphocyte cell lines and their functions. • Be able to identify and explain antibody structure, characteristics of different antibody types and their actions. • Be able to explain how APCs activate lymphocytes. • Be able to explain how vaccines work and how they are made. • Understand the difference between naturally and artificially acquired active and passive immunity
Abdominal 1: Topic Objectives • Be able to distinguish between lesser and greater peritoneal cavities. • Be able to locate viscera in abdominal quadrants and regions. • Be able to identify all anatomical structures of bones and muscles of abdominal and pelvic areas. • Be able to identify Camper’s and Scarpa’s fascia. • Be able to list and identify all features of major abdominal organs and their functions. • Be able to differentiate between short and long term stress adaptations. • Be able to describe hyper and hyposecretion effects of adrenal cortex. • Be able to describe effects of absorptive and post-absorptive states on the body and how the body controls these states. • Be able to apply nutritional states to diabetes.
Abdominal 2: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe and identify liver anatomy, histology and functions. • Be able to describe bile production, flow, storage and function. • Be able to identify hepatic portal blood flow. • Be able to identify small intestine structures and functionalities. • Be able to describe and identify large intestine structures and functionalities. • Be able to explain the defecaction reflex and its role in constipation and incontinence.
Renal: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe and identify bladder and urethra anatomy and function, including differences between male and female. • Be able to describe micturition reflex. • Be able to describe and identify kidney anatomy, histology and function. • Be able to describe and identify circulation pattern to, from and within the kidney. • Be able to identify parts of the nephron and their functions. • Be able to describe urine formation and predict changes to output with changes in BP, ion pumps, and hydration status. • Be able to describe kidney contribution to acid/base balance and be able to predict kidney response to blood p. H changes • Be able to describe hormonal BP control and predict response to low and high BP
Pelvis: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe and identify all bones, blood vessels and muscles of the pelvis and back. • Be able to identify the muscles of the pelvic floor, perineum and urogenital triangle. • Be able to describe and identify the inguinal canal and its role in inguinal hernias.
Male Reprod. : Topic Objectives • Be able to identify all anatomical structures of the male and their functions. • Be able to identify the parts of a human sperm and its functions. • Be able to identify the components of semen and explain accessory sex gland function. • Be able to explain how the testes are held at lower than body temperature and its significance on fertility • Be able to describe the descent of the testes in development. • Be able to describe the events in both erection and ejaculation.
Female Repro. : Topic Objectives • Be able to identify all anatomical structures of the female and their functions. • Be able to identify the parts of a human ovum and its outer layers with their functions. • Be able to identify the functions of the oviduct. • Be able to explain how the ovarian and uterine cycles control reproductive function through hormone secretion. • Be able to describe the events in both female arousal and orgasm as well as menopause. • Be able to describe internal and external genitalia development. • Be able to describe major STDs symptoms and causes. • Be able to explain methods for contraception.
Limbs: Topic Objectives • Be able to describe and identify all bones and landmarks of limbs. • Be able to describe and identify the major muscles of the limbs. • Be able to describe and identify the circulations and innervations of the limbs.
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