Ozone update Hal Levin Building Ecology Research Group

Ozone update Hal Levin Building Ecology Research Group Santa Cruz, California www. buildingecology. com hlevin 6@gmail. com

Summary • Update on EPA NAAQS Ozone criteria • Preliminary Non-attainment designations – December 2011 • Indoor air chemistry • Exposure • Health effects • ASHRAE RFP: TRP-1491

NPR – Federal Register FACT SHEET Proposed Rule - Implementation of the 2008 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: Nonattainment Area Classifications Approach and Attainment Deadlines Action • On February 7, 2012, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a rule that would take a necessary step to implement the 2008 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ground-level ozone. EPA set those standards at 0. 075 parts per million (ppm) on March 12, 2008. • Implementation of the ozone standards is the shared responsibility of the EPA and the governments of states, tribes, and communities. This proposal would establish an approach for classifying ozone nonattainment areas – those areas not meeting the 2008 ozone standards. The EPA also seeks comment on options for schedules for each nonattainment area to meet the standards. 3

• This proposal is the first of two rules that will guide implementation of the 2008 ozone standards. An upcoming proposed rule will address other implementation issues such as anti-backsliding, State Implementation Plan deadlines, and policies on required control measures. . • The EPA classifies nonattainment areas based on the severity of their ozone problem. Under this graduated system, nonattainment areas with the worst air quality will have both the longest time to meet the standard and the largest set of mandatory planning and emissions control requirements. Classified areas fall into five categories: Marginal, Moderate, 4 Serious, Severe, or Extreme.

For Further Information: • To download a copy of the notice, go to EPA’s Worldwide Web site at: http: //www. epa. gov/air/ozonepollution/actions. h tml#impl. • Today’s proposed rule and other background information are also available either electronically at http: //www. regulations. gov, EPA’s electronic public docket and comment system, or in hardcopy at the EPA Docket Center’s Public Reading Room 5

http: //www. epa. gov/ozonedesignations/2008 standards/rec/prelimmap. htm accessed 19 April 2012 6

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www. enviroflash. info -- accessed 7: 58 AM MST, 20 April 2012 9

Std 189. 1 – from Dennis Stanke, Chairman, received 19 April 2012 10

ASHRAE Std 62. 1 6. 2. 1 Outdoor Air Treatment. If outdoor air is judged to be unacceptable in accordance with Section 4. 1, each ventilation system that provides outdoor air through a supply fan shall comply with the following sections. Exception: Systems supplying air for enclosed parking garages, warehouses, storage rooms, janitor’s closets, trash rooms, recycling areas, shipping/receiving/distribution areas. Note: Occupied spaces ventilated with outdoor air that is judged to be unacceptable are subject to reduced air quality when outdoor air is not cleaned prior to introduction to the occupied spaces. 11

. There are currently no modifications to these requirements under consideration. 6. 2. 1. 3 Ozone. Air-cleaning devices for ozone shall be provided when the most recent three-year average annual fourth-highest daily maximum eight-hour average ozone concentration exceeds 0. 107 ppm (209 μg/m 3). Note: See Appendix E for a list of United States locations exceeding the most recent 3 -year average annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8 -hour average ozone concentration of 0. 107 ppm. Such air-cleaning devices shall have a minimum volumetric ozone removal efficiency of 40% when installed, operated, and maintained in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Such devices shall be operated whenever outdoor ozone levels are expected to exceed 0. 107 ppm (209 μg/m 3). 12

ASHRAE Std 62. 1 13

To reduce O 3 or not to reduce O 3— Should there really be any question? • Reducing ozone levels in urban areas has proven to be a difficult and costly problem. • It is easier to remove ozone from indoor air than from outdoor air. • Filters are available to accomplish this with only small energy penalties. • Thus, Std 62. 1 -2010 now requires addressing the ozone question. Should it be tougher? Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 14

ASHRAE RFP: 1491 -TRP, “Literature and Product Review and Cost Benefit Analysis of Commercially Available Ozone Air Cleaning for HVAC Systems” • Sponsoring Committee: Environmental Health Committee (EHC) • Budget Range: $150, 000 may be more or less as determined by value of proposal and competing proposals. • Scheduled Project Start Date: September 1, 2012 or later. • All proposals must be received at ASHRAE Headquarters by 8 A. M. EDT, May 15, 2012. 15

ASHRAE 1491 -TRP “SSPC 62. 1 has considered an amended version of the standard language that would require ozone air cleaning at a trigger level equal to the recently changed National Ambient Air Quality Standard’s (NAAQS) nonattainment level for ambient ozone of 0. 08 ppm. ASHRAE Standard 62. 1 -2010 currently requires that ozone air-cleaning devices shall be provided to remove ozone from the outdoor intake air stream in locations where 1 -hour ambient ozone concentrations exceed 0. 16 ppm. 1 If approved, this proposed change in the standard would increase the number of counties required to implement ozone air cleaning in the US from under 10 to over 350. ”

Excerpts from Charles J. Weschler 17

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Weschler, Hodgson, Wooley, Environmental Science & Technology 26, 2371, 1991 22

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Typical Indoor-Outdoor Ozone concentration ratios as a function of air exchange rate Ventilation Rate (h-1) Indoor-Outdoor Ozone Ratio (%) 0. 5 13 1. 0 24 2. 0 38 3. 0 48 4. 0 56 5. 0 62 6. 0 67 7. 0 71 Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 27

Typical indoor ozone concentrations (ppb) as a function of air exchange rate and outdoor ozone concentration Outdoor Ozone Concentration (ppb) Indoor Ozone Concentration (ppb) Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 28

Typical indoor ozone concentrations (ppb) as a function of air exchange rate and outdoor ozone concentration Outdoor Ozone Concentration (ppb) Indoor Ozone Concentration (ppb) Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 29

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Half-lives for the Reaction of Ozone with Volatile Organic Compounds Commonly Found in Indoor Air (Weschler, 1999) Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 31

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Simulated aircraft cabin at DTU • 28. 5 m 3 • 21 used seats; used carpet, wall sections and HEPA filter • Total airflow: 200 Ls-1 (23 h-1); Outdoor airflow: 24 38 Ls-1 (3 h-1) Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6

Four conditions investigated Ozone T-shirts Condition 1 Condition 2 + Condition 3 Condition 4 + + + Relative Humidity: ~ 7% Temperature: ~ 23 o. C Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 39

T-shirts • Surrogates for passengers and crew • Freshly washed, thoroughly rinsed and then slept in overnight by male graduate students • Removed about 15 minutes before the initiation of experiments and placed inside-out over seat backs • Total: 17 T-shirts Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 40

T-shirts Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 41

Ozone and total volatile organic compounds Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 42

Squalene oxidation products Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 43

O 3 decay in aircraft cabin with T-shirts Q/N + vd x S/V = 14. 4 h-1 Q/N = 2. 8 h-1 vd x S/V = 11. 6 h 1 Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 44

O 3 decay in aircraft cabin without T-shirts Q/N + vd x S/V = 9. 3 h-1 Q/N = 2. 8 h-1 vd x S/V = 6. 5 h 1 Hal Levin -- ASHRAE, January 22, 2 --6 45

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ASHRAE RFP: 1491 -TRP, “Literature and Product Review and Cost Benefit Analysis of Commercially Available Ozone Air Cleaning for HVAC Systems” Sponsoring Committee: Environmental Health Committee (EHC) Budget Range: $150, 000 may be more or less as determined by value of proposal and competing proposals. Scheduled Project Start Date: September 1, 2012 or later. All proposals must be received at ASHRAE Headquarters by 8 A. M. EDT, May 15, 2012. 98