Ozone and ClimateFriendly Buildings THEMATIC MEETING FOR BUILDING

Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings THEMATIC MEETING FOR BUILDING DESIGNERS & ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND RAC EXPERTS OHRID, MACEDONIA FYR, 21 st– 23 rd MAY 2013 Professor Susan Roaf Professor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Email: s. roaf@hw. ac. uk

Talk Structure: 1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Climate Change Drivers • Legislative Drivers – The European Example • Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail 2. How ? Ecological Design: Dynamic Networks 3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona 4. Where to next ?

Talk Structure: 1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Climate Change Drivers

The Climate Change Challenge Atmospheric Carbon and Temperature are linked a c b d http: //www. skepticalscience. com/human-co 2 -smaller-than-natural-emissions. htm

Change Rate and Magnitude Increase a b 1958 – 315 ppm 2005 280 ppm c d 9 th May 2013 - 400 ppm Time ? 2100 ?

Global Ice Melts: Sea Level Rises 2012

Coastal and inland flooding Loss of Livlihoods Loss of Lives Images of Macedonian floods Loss of Infrastructure Loss of Communities

HEATWAVES NY 2010 EU 2003

52, 000 People died in Europe in July 2003 In their own homes in the July heat wave

The Ozone Challenge

More Unaffordable Climate Impacts

The Peaky Building Problem: Architecture makes it worse In 2008 NSW, Australia 10% of all electrical generating capacity was needed for just 1% of the time during hot spells

Importance of Understanding the Problem: PEAKY BUILDINGS – PEAKY CITIES

HEAT ISLAND Urban Microclimate and Its Impact on the Cooling Needs of Buildings 14 12 10 8 6 4 London : 3. 1 C Essen : 4 C Frimbourg (CH) : 5 C Gotemborg : 6 C Bale - Berne = 6 C Malmoe : 7 C Zurich = 7 C Frimbourg (D) : 10 C Paris : 14 C Athens : 14 C USA cities European cities 2 Population Source: Matt Santamouris

It gets hot – everyone has their air-conditioning on – the lights go out - New York 2003 – 50 million without energy for 2 days – July 2012: 250 million people in India for 2 days

Talk Structure: 1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Legislative Drivers – The European Example

EU Rationale for better buildings The European Commission (EC) wants cost-efficient ways to make the European economy more: • Ozone and Climate-friendly • Less energy-consuming The EU 2050 Roadmap for carbon emission reduction: 2020 targets of: • 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels • 20% EU energy consumption produced from renewables • 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency • 80 -95 % by 2050 http: //ec. europa. eu/europe 2020/index_en. htm

1. European Performance Building Directive EPBD 2002 and Recast 2010 To enable Europe achieve Energy and Greenhouse Gas (ghg) targets. Certification is key. http: //www. epbd-ca. eu/

EPC Buildings are of 2 grades 2 levels EPC Assessor: Simple buildings -with “frequently occurring characteristics" such as simple heating systems, simple natural ventilation and small comfort cooling systems. Complex buildings with advanced features, both of which can be calculated using a National Calculation Methodology (NCM) required under the EPBD.

The EPBD requirement under for Energy Performance Certificates for buildings has been rolled out at different rates across EU countries http: //bpie. eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope. html

2. Energy Efficiency Directive: 2012 A common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency Legislating Member States to mobilise investment in the renovation of the national stock of buildings C. 17 billion euros available in the coming funding round http: //ec. europa. eu/energy/efficiency/eed_en. htm

3. The Ecodesign Directive 2005 and 2009 Mandates ecodesign requirements for some products - Including ventilation and air-conditioning systems Applies today to products with capacity up to 12 k. W In 5 years applies to larger capacity Systems http: //ec. europa. eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/eco_design_en. htm

4. Directive on Substances which Damage the Ozone Layer 2000 and 2008 • Stricter than Montreal Protocol • Takes into account the increasing availability of products that can replace those which deplete the ozone layer http: //europa. eu/legislation_sum maries/other/l 28064_en. htm

Result = More Expensive Air-Conditioning

Talk Structure: 1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail to meet their performance targets

PROBLEM: A SQUEEZED CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Barriers to Investment in Energy Efficiency: • Everything Costs More • More Institutional Barriers • Poor Awareness / Information • • Global Financial Crisis http: //bpie. eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope. html

And Econ 19 - http: //www. targ. co. uk/other/guide 19. pdf Poorer Building Design ? Naturally Ventilated AC AC www. cibse. org/pdfs/ECG 019. pdf

The Problems of Many Modern Buildings Poor Climatic Design August 2009, 40ºC Source: Edward Arens, UC Berkeley, Windsor Conference 9 -11 April 2010. Expensive to run + UNCOMFORTABLE December 2009, 5ºC

The Challenge of Natural Ventilation CONSTRAINTS: • New 4 -storey, open-plan offices • Tight build programme • The process was cost-driven • A year after completion, the M & E systems had not been accepted. LCBP Case Study: West Suffolk House

actual emissions of 88. 4 kg. CO 2/m 2 per annum Nearly three times the design estimate of 31. 4 kg. CO 2/m 2 per annum

REALITY CHECK Densely occupied Noise disturbance through lightwell from ground floor café Too deep for single-sided natural ventilation ? The Architecture was a Problem here …

Dissatisfied Occupants For more Case Studies see: www. usablebuildings trust. co. uk

County Hall London Performance Gap Design intent = 236 k. Wh/m 2 Marketing pitch = A “sustainable and virtually non-polluting” design Actual building performance = 376 k. Wh/m 2 The 1997 ECON 19 good practice level for naturally ventilated office = 112 k. Wh/m 2 Fantasy Reality Gap ? Paul Gerard Tuohy, Gavin B Murphy (2012). Why advanced buildings don’t work? Proceedings of 7 th Windsor Conference: The changing context of comfort in an unpredictable world Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 12 -15 April 2012. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http: //nceub. org. uk

The Credibility Gap for a green building award winner Seduced by our Models? http: //www. cibse. org/pdfs/ECG 019. pdf. Source: Bill Bordass

LEED BUILDINGS WORSE THAN CODE Source: NBI study 2008

Renewable Energy Architectural Engineering 1. That only takes you from There to There 2. How do you get to Optimise the Modelled Building ? Here ?

Time to Rethink Design ?

Fine – but how do we make a living ? Eco Design……. . TIME SPACE 20 th. C Thinking Efficiency Innovation Competition 21 STC Thinking ‘ Whole system thinking ‘out of the Box ARCHITECTURE

Only Way to Meet the Targets - Connect the Flows Social – Physical – Economic – Time – People

N S TIME AND PLACE AND SPACE Increasing Time lag Hot Zone o Shade Cool Zone People, Buildings and Climate in Dynamic relationships o o 5 -10 C temperature differences found in different rooms in the same house Picture: Jane Matthews Source: Jane Matthews

Talk Structure: 3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona Building Outline Name: Porta Fira Application: Hotel Surface: 34. 700 m 2 Number of floors: 24 Height: 113 m Rooms: 345 Thanks for these Porta Fira details to Santiago Gonzalez and Daikin Spain

Reasons of selecting VRV 1. Energy efficiency 2. Partial load 3. Multiple outdoors 4. Heat recovery System outline System Outline (VRV + AHU + chillers) Outdoor(VRV): 74 Capacity VRV(k. W): 2280 Indoor VRV (Qty): 664 ducted Capacity chiller(k. W): 1200

Engineers and Manufacturers working closely with the architects Toyo Ito

NW Hot side System outline (floor plan) Individual system controls Indoor per room Opening window N SE Cooler side Flexible system across floors External skin of Timber shading

Heat recovery VRV Room layout can Careful location of different room functions and matching with Time, month and local micro-climate can significantly boost Seasonal efficiency with intelligent patterns of occupation and controls

Centralized Control : I-Manager enables fine tuning of occupied zones Remote Predictive Maintenance: ACNSS

Centralized Control : I-Manager – people can be located in cooler or warmer zones

Emporis skyscapers Emporis collects data on full life-cycle of a building, from idea to demolition. Porta Fira won the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2010.

Porta Fira Whole System Optimisation • • Fault free operation – predictive diagnostics – Product Load shift and shave peak loads – Control Optimised zoning for energy minimisation - Planning User choice – higher comfort levels – Behaviour • Maximize use of ambient energy – Design

Eco Design Whole System Thinking Good Architect Flexible / Adaptable Genuine Co-operation Good Building 21 st C Buildings from all involved Pushes well beyond current Regulation Targets