Overview of The Structure of Physics Where do

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Overview of The Structure of Physics: Where do Statistical &Thermal Physics fit in to

Overview of The Structure of Physics: Where do Statistical &Thermal Physics fit in to the structure & organization?

The Structure of Physics Classical Physics is The Foundation of pure & applied (macroscopic)

The Structure of Physics Classical Physics is The Foundation of pure & applied (macroscopic) physics & engineering! Newton’s Laws + Electromagnetism + Statistical Mechanics + Thermodynamics. (The Latter Topics are what this course is about!) These together give a good description of most of the macroscopic world.

The Structure of Physics Classical Physics is The Foundation of pure & applied (macroscopic)

The Structure of Physics Classical Physics is The Foundation of pure & applied (macroscopic) physics & engineering! Newton’s Laws + Electromagnetism + Statistical Mechanics + Thermodynamics. (The Latter Topics are what this course is about!) These together give a good description of most of the macroscopic world. Classical Mechanics (Newton, Lagrange, Hamilton, . . ) The Physics of the 17 th & 18 th Centuries. Still useful in the 21 st Century!!

Physics Structure 1. Classical Electromagnetism & Optics (Newton, Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell, .

Physics Structure 1. Classical Electromagnetism & Optics (Newton, Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell, . . ) The Physics of the 18 th & 19 th centuries. Still useful in the 21 st Century!

Physics Structure 1. Classical Electromagnetism & Optics (Newton, Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell, .

Physics Structure 1. Classical Electromagnetism & Optics (Newton, Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell, . . ) The Physics of the 18 th & 19 th centuries. Still useful in the 21 st Century! 2. High Speeds (v ≤ ~ c) Special (& General) Relativity (Einstein, . . ) 20 th & 21 st Century Physics!

Physics Structure 3. Small Size (atomic & smaller): Quantum Mechanics (Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg…. )

Physics Structure 3. Small Size (atomic & smaller): Quantum Mechanics (Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg…. ) 20 th & 21 st Century physics!

Physics Structure 3. Small Size (atomic & smaller): Quantum Mechanics (Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg…. )

Physics Structure 3. Small Size (atomic & smaller): Quantum Mechanics (Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg…. ) 20 th & 21 st Century physics! 4. Relativity + Quantum Mechanics: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (Dirac, …) 20 th & 21 st Century physics! Quantum Field Theory (Feynman, Schwinger, . . ) 20 th & 21 st Century physics!

“Mechanics” • HOW objects move (behave) under given forces. • (Usually) Does not deal

“Mechanics” • HOW objects move (behave) under given forces. • (Usually) Does not deal with the sources of forces. Answers the question: Given the forces, how do objects move? • Forces in the universe are classified into 4 types: The 4 Fundamental Forces Of Nature! Some version of Mechanics applies to all four!

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of decreasing strength

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched.

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched. The Electromagnetic Force: E&M phenomena. Chemical forces. Most everyday forces. Maxwell, Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, . . .

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched. The Electromagnetic Force: E&M phenomena. Chemical forces. Most everyday forces. Maxwell, Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, . . . The Weak Nuclear Force: Nuclear decay. Fermi, Bethe, others. Electroweak Theory.

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched. The Electromagnetic Force: E&M phenomena. Chemical forces. Most everyday forces. Maxwell, Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, . . . The Weak Nuclear Force: Nuclear decay. Fermi, Bethe, others. Electroweak Theory. The Gravitational Force: Newton (classical mechanics), Einstein (general relativity), Hawking….

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of

The 4 Fundamental Forces of Nature The sources of the forces, in order of decreasing strength

The Four Fundamental Forces The “Electro-Weak” Force Since ~ the late 1960’s, in some

The Four Fundamental Forces The “Electro-Weak” Force Since ~ the late 1960’s, in some sense, the 4 fundamental forces have been reduced to 3! The Electromagnetic Force & the Weak Nuclear Force were combined into one theory. This was done by S. Weinberg & A. Salaam. For this work, they received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics!

The Standard Model of Particle Physics “Periodic Table for Elementary Particles”! Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

The Standard Model of Particle Physics “Periodic Table for Elementary Particles”! Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) & the Electroweak Theory Protons & Neutrons consist of 3 Quarks each.

The Standard Model

The Standard Model

The Standard Model

The Standard Model

The Standard Model

The Standard Model

The Rest of Physics! • What we’ve mentioned so far is all of physics

The Rest of Physics! • What we’ve mentioned so far is all of physics except: Statistical Mechanics (& Thermodynamics) (This course ≡ “Stat Mech” ) “Stat Mech” is the mechanics of systems of huge numbers (>> ~ 1023) of particles. Stat Mech: 1. Uses Probability & Statistics to calculate macroscopic properties from microscopic force laws. 2. Applies to BOTH the Classical & the Quantum worlds! 3. Is the major link between microscopic & macroscopic physics! 4. Contains Thermodynamics as a sub-theory!

The Most Important Point: Statistical Mechanics is important because it is the major link

The Most Important Point: Statistical Mechanics is important because it is the major link between microscopic & macroscopic physics!