Overview of Stroke Cerebral Infarction A Case Chief

Overview of Stroke Cerebral Infarction

A Case: Chief Complaint • 34 year old female presented to a community hospital with abnormal language. Her husband reported that she had been normal 2 hours earlier at which time the patient is said to have demonstrated shaking of the arms and legs for several seconds of duration. Immediately thereafter the patient was unable to speak and there was paucity of movement on the right side of the body. There was no report of urinary or bowel incontinence and no report of tongue biting.

The Previous Medical History • • • Migraine Headaches Frequent Urinary Tract Infections Multiple episodes of epistaxis Depression Miscarriage

Current Medications • Venlafaxine, An antidepressive medication. Works by inhibiting the re-uptake of serotonin, noradrenalin, and dopamine.

Social History • Married • Four living children. G 5 P 5014 • Does not smoke. No history of tobacco use. • No history of recreational or illicit drug use. • No history of alcohol abuse. • No recent travel abroad.

Stroke Epidemiology • • First…………. . 180, 000 Recurrent……. 600, 000 Incidence……. 780, 000/yr =1 stk/40 s Prevalence…. . 6, 500, 000 Males………… 2, 600, 000 Female………. 3, 900, 000

Stroke Mortality • • • 3 rd Leading Cause of Death in USA 150, 000 Deaths Yearly One of Every 17 Deaths in 2005 56, 586 Males 86, 993 Females Death Rate Declined in 2005 i. e. 29. 7% to 13. 5%

Stroke Morbidity • Leading cause of long term disability • 30% of survivors require assistance with ADL ( activities of daily living) • 20% require assistance to ambulate • 16% must be institutionalized. • Health care and lost income cost approach $41 billion

Stroke by Definition: • An acute on set of neurologic dysfunction caused by impairment of blood flow the region of brain mapping to the impaired function. • Manifest on Brain imaging. • Dysfunction last 24 hours. • If < 24 hours and no signature on brain image: TIA (transient ischemic attack • 0

Classification of Strokes • • • Hemorrhagic 15 -25 % ICH SDH EDH • • • Ischemic 71 - 83 % Embolic Cardiac Source Non-cardiac Source • Large Vessel Disease • Small Vessel Disease

Ischemic Stroke Subtypes • Large Vessel • Small Vessel • Embolic (usually Cardioembolic) • Thrombotic (usually from Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Disease) • Microangiopathic Brain Disease • Cortical • Subcortical

The Cerebral Circulation

Cardiac Related Stroke • • Atrial Fibrillation Cardiac Valve disease MI (wall motion abnormality) Septal Aneurysms Patent Foramen Ovale Atrial Septal Defect Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Risk Factors • • Hypertension Heart Disease Atrial fibrillation Diabetes Tobacco Lipids Abnormal hematology • OSA • • • Age Race/ethnicity Gender Family history genotype

CONGENITAL HYPERCOAGULABLE CONDITIONS • • • Factor 5 Leiden mutation G 2021 A mutation Antithrombin 3 Protein C deficiency Protein S deficiency

Inherited Disorders • • Homocystinuria Fabry’s Disease Marfan’s Syndrome Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome

34 year old female : Physical Examination • VS: 98. 6, 116/71, 23/min, 106/min • Oxygen Saturation 97%, room air • Mute, + commands, neck supple, no bruits, fast RR (-)MRG, clear lungs, abd: benign, extremities: no CCE. • ® Arm>>® Leg Weakness, ® face weakness, (left side normal), Deep Tendon Reflexes absent on the ®, Plantar Response: Up on the ® and Down on the left. Sensation: Normal.

Case laboratory studies • • Serum glucose…. 106 Sodium…………. . 142 Creatinine………. . . 0. 7 WBC……………… 11, 900/cu mm Platelet count……. . 258000/cu mm Hemacrit………. . . 42% PT…………………. 12. 9 sec PTT………………… 34. 5 sec

Computed Tomography of the Head • Arrival to ER, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, then… • Head CT is crucial in the management of the stroke patient. • The study distinguishes hemorrhagic strokes from ischemic strokes. • The HCT may or may not provide additional diagnostic information • Diffusion weighted MRI: better stroke detection in the first 12 hours.

• Dense MCA Sign 34 yo female Head CT Performed 3. 5 hours past the onset of stroke symptoms Easter JS et al. N J Med 2010; 362: 2114 -2120.

CT: Thrombosis in the Left Middle Cerebral Artery • Sources of emboli to the brain üCarotid Atherosclerosis üCarotid Dissection üIntracranial Vasculopathy üAtrial Fibrillation üCardiac Valve Disease üRight-to-Left Cardiac Shunt üHypercoagulable States

Acute Therapy • Intravenous TPA within 4. 5 hrs. of onset • Intra-arterial Thrombolysis within 6 hrs. of onset • Mechanical Embolectomy

Case Patient Acute Therapy • Intravenous Heparin was started. • Patient transferred to tertiary care hospital. • Neurological examination worsened. • Required intubation (protect airway. ) • CT angiogram performed.

CT Angiogram of the Brain Filling defect noted in left middle cerebral artery

Case Acute Care Continues • Intra-arterial TPA was administered. • Endovascular mechanical retrieval of clot was performed. • Flow through left MCA was restored. • Right hemiparesis persisted. • Chest x-ray read as right middle lobe pneumonia. • Antibiotic started: patient to ICU.

Chest X-Ray Endotracheal Tube is in place. Right middle lobe infiltrate. Aspiration pneumonia? Or something else?

Additional Studies • Echocardiogram: Suggested Atrial septal defect. • Hypercoagulopathy screen was negative. • Lower extremity venous ultrasound was negative. • Neck CT angiogram negative for dissection.

Putting It All Together • • Young female with stroke. Likely an embolic stroke. History of nose bleed. History of miscarriage Family History of AVM. Abnormal chest x-ray. Could be consistent with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. • Chest CT: Hunt for pulmonary AVM

Contrast CT of the Chest CT Scan of the Torso Obtained 1 Week after Admission. The coronal-plane–formatted CT scan shows an arteriovenous malformation in the lung (arrow).

Cause of this Stroke • Most probably paradoxical through the intrapulmonary shunt created by the pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. • Pulmonary AVM is part and parcel of Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome i. e. HHT.

Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome • Autosomal Dominant • Telangiectasia of skin mucous membrane, various organs. • Two different Gene Loci identified (a) 9 q 33 -34 and (b) 12 q 13 • Arises from spontaneous mutations in 30% of cases.

Neurologic Manifestations of HHT • • Headache Dizziness Seizure Paradoxical Embolism Stroke Transient Ischemic Attacks ICH, SAH Meningitis Cerebral abscess

Treatment of HHT • Manage the complications. Notably, our patient walked out of the hospital with improved speech and language. • Early resection of lung AVM or embolization of the fistula. • Periodic Transfusion and Iron Therapy • ASA has been used for platelet sequestration.