Overview of Global Seismic Design Guideline and Case

Overview of Global Seismic Design Guideline and Case Study of Earthquake Resistant Design in Active Seismic Zone Takashi Sakanoue Tokyo Gas Co, . Ltd.

Outline 1. Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan 2. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion 3. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Permanent Ground Displacement induced by Soil. Liquefaction 4. Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone 5. Summary FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 2

Outline 1. Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan 2. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion 3. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Permanent Ground Displacement induced by Soil. Liquefaction 4. Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone 5. Summary FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 3

Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan n Seismic Monitor, IRIS (http: //ds. iris. edu/seismon) FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 4

5 minor Impact severe Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan Permanent Ground Displacement Induced by Active Fault Permanent Ground Displacement Induced by Land Slide Non-structural-Mitigation (Reroute, Emergency Shutdown Valve, etc. ) Permanent Ground Displacement Induced by Liquefaction Seismic Wave Earthquake Resistant Design unlikely FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS Likelihood likely

Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan Seismic Actions to be Assumed for Design Level 1 Seismic Motion General Seismic Motions with Probability of Occurring Once or Twice during the Service of Gas Pipeline Level 2 Seismic Motion Very Strong Seismic Motions with a Low Probability during the Service of Gas Pipeline Lateral Spreading or Flow induced Liquefaction-induced by Seismic Liquefaction with a Low Permanent Ground Probability during Displacement the Service of Gas Pipeline FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS Seismic Performance Fully Operational, Without any Repair No Leakage of Gas (Large Deformation) 6

Outline 1. Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan 2. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion 3. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Permanent Ground Displacement induced by Soil. Liquefaction 4. Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone 5. Summary FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 7

Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion n Procedures of Estimating Seismic Motion －Design Seismic Motion Ⅰ: Wave observed at the past inland type earthquakes such as the 1995 Kobe Earthquake Commonly used －Design Seismic Motion Ⅱ Wave observed at the past oceanic trench type earthquakes －Design Seismic Motion Ⅲ Wave analytically estimated by modeling hypocenter, ground structure and wave propagation, etc. FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 8

Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion n Procedures of Earthquake Resistant Design FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 9

Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion n Procedures of Earthquake Resistant Design Allowable Deformation －Strain Level = 3% (ASME Fatigue Design Curve) －Not Buckling FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 10

Outline 1. Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan 2. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion 3. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Permanent Ground Displacement induced by Soil. Liquefaction 4. Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone 5. Summary FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 11

Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against PGD induced by Soil-Liquefaction n Procedures of Earthquake Resistant Design 12 Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Flow Behind Seawalls FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS

Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against PGD induced by Soil-Liquefaction n Estimation of Soil Displacement induced by Lateral Flow velocity of the surface Observed soil displacement Coefficient of viscosity of liquefying layers soil displacement estimated by the formula FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS Horizontal ground displacement 13

Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against PGD induced by Soil-Liquefaction 14 n Estimation of Deformation Behavior and Critical State Formula of estimating critical state of straight pipe under axial compression λsc ：Critical axial compressive displacement (cm) ωsc ：Critical deflection angle (degree) Ｄ ：Outside diameter (cm) ts ：Nominal thickness of straight pipe (cm) Ｌs ：Length for normalization (cm) (= 6. 4・D) εf ：= 0. 35 k ：Ratio of Ｌs/2 toＤ ( = 3. 2) FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS

Outline 1. Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan 2. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion 3. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Permanent Ground Displacement induced by Soil. Liquefaction 4. Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone 5. Summary FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 15

Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone n Chiba-Kashima Line Location Chiba pref. Ibaraki pref. Length 79. 3 km Pressure 7 MPa Diameter 600 A Inauguration March 2 nd, 2012 Park Hyatt Tokyo FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 16

17 Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone n Parameters to Control Deformability of Line Pipe －Diameter to thickness ratio, D/t (high D/t leads to low deformability) －Yield Stress to Tensile Stress ration, Y/T (high Y/T leads to low deformability) Stress D : Diameter t : thickness Y : Yield Stress T : Tensile Stress TS YS n Y/T of High Grade Line Pipe such as X 80 －Higher Y/T Strain －Various research were conducted to evaluate deformability of X 80 －Additional specification was applied to Line Pipes for Chiba-Kashima Line FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS

Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone n Compression and Bending Test of X 80 Straight Pipe Before Test Limit State n Parametric Numerical Simulations of the relationship between Y/T and Deformability －Curve 1 : Y/T=0. 90 －Curve 2 : Y/T=0. 95 －Curve 3 : Y/T=1. 00 FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 18

Outline 1. Basic Concept of Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline in Japan 2. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion 3. Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Permanent Ground Displacement induced by Soil. Liquefaction 4. Application of API X 80 to Active Seismic Zone 5. Summary FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 19

Summary 1. Earthquake Resistant Design for Buried Gas Pipeline was Established in Japan. － Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Seismic Motion － Earthquake Resistant Design Procedure against Permanent Ground Displacement induced by Soil-Liquefaction 2. Additional Specification regarding Tensile Property was Applied to High Grade Line Pipe to secure the High Deformability and Seismic Performance. FUELING THE FUTURE WITH GAS 20