Ovarian Cancer By Deborah WilsonBrosseau What is Ovarian
Ovarian Cancer By Deborah Wilson-Brosseau
What is Ovarian Cancer Ovarian cancer is any cancerous growth that develops in any part of the ovaries.
Demographics of Ovarian Cancer �Eighth most common cancer among women in the United States �Accounts for 3. 3% of all new cancer in American women �Fifth most common cause of cancer death among women due to poor early detection �One in 71 women will develop ovarian cancer �One in 95 will die from it � 21, 550 new cases each year � 14, 600 deaths per year (6)
Demographic of Ovarian Cancer �Most likely to occur over the age of 50 �After menopause �Caucasian Women have a higher risk especially Ashkenazi Jewish descent women �African-American and Asian women have a lower risk of ovarian cancer �Half of the ovarian cancer cases will develop in women over the age of 63 �Highest incidence of ovarian cancer occurs in industrialized countries (6)
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer �It is often called the silent killer because it produces few symptoms in its early stages �Most women are unaware they have the disease until it has progressed to advanced stages. �Most early symptoms are vague and either abdominal or gastrointestinal in nature’ �If you have any of the following symptoms that persist for two weeks or more contact your doctor (4, 6)
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer �Digestive symptoms �Gas, indigestion, constipation �Bloating, distention or cramping �Abdominal or low back discomfort �Pelvic pressure �Vaginal bleeding in post menopausal woman �Frequent urination �Unexplained changes in bowel habits �Nausea or vomiting �Pain or swelling in abdomen �Loss of appetite �Fatigue �Pain during intercourse (4, 6)
Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer � Age is the greatest risk factor � Risk increases after menopause � Family or personal history of cancers of the female reproductive tract or breast that is caused by an inherited the genetic mutation � Early menstruation-before age 12 � Late menopause � Use of talcum powder in the genital area � Female workers exposed to asbestos � Genital deodorant sprays � Eating a diet high in saturated fats � Treatment with androgens (male hormones) � Never having been pregnant � Obesity increases risk � If you have been pregnant, breastfed and took oral contraceptives your risk of developing ovarian cancer is lowered. (1, 6)
How is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed �A complete medical history to assess all the risk factors �A thorough bi-manual pelvic examination �CA-125 assay �Blood test to determine the level of CA-125 �One or more various imaging procedure �Ultrasound, CT, MRI �A lower GI series or barium enema �Diagnostic laparoscopy for definitive diagnose �Uses a thin instrument inserted in the abdomen to visualize the organs inside the abdominal cavity(4, 6)
Variations in Ovarian Tumors �Three main types �Epithelial Cells � 90% of all ovarian cancers develop from epithelial cells lining the surface of the ovaries �Stromal Cells � 5% of ovarian cancers begin in the stromal cells that produce estrogen and progesterone �Germ Cells � 2% of ovarian tumors develop in the cells that would become eggs. � Many are benign (noncancerous) � (2, 4)
Stages in Diagnosis �Stage 1 - Tumor limited to ovary or ovaries �Stage 2 - Ovarian tumor with pelvic extension, involves the uterus or fallopian tubes and/or other pelvic organs �Stage 3 - Tumor involving the upper abdomen or lymph nodes �Stage 4 - Tumor involving distant organs including pleural space or hepatic/splenic parenchyma (6)
Current Treatment �Three treatments for ovarian cancer �Surgery � It is done to remove as much of the tumor as possible and it is usually followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation �Chemotherapy � It is used to target cells that have traveled to other organs and throughout the body via the lymphatic system or the blood stream �Radiation � It uses high energy, highly focused x-rays to target very specific areas of cancer. A machine with external energy beam and radioactive liquids are used for radiation treatments. (4, 6)
Chemotherapy and Ovarian Cancer �Chemotherapy is most often a systemic treatment �It is used to kill cancer cells �It is administered several ways �Intravenous, IV � Travels throughout the body �Orally � Travels throughout the body �Intraperitoneal � Is localized in the abdominal cavity (4, 6)
Chemotherapy �A combination of two or more drugs should be given to help to kill cancer cells �Platinum compounds is the single most active drug in the treatment of Ovarian cancer �The combination of intravenous platinum compound such as cisplatin and a taxane such as paclitaxel is the first line for many patients � 3 to 6 cycles of chemotherapy should reduce the size of the tumor (4, 6)
Cisplatin Platinol-AQ �A chemotherapy treatment used for testicular, ovarian, bladder or lung cancer �Intravenous- Parenteral Only �It is sometimes combined with other cancer drugs �Some Side Effects �Altered taste, stomatitis, severe prolong vomiting and nausea, diarrhea, renal toxicity, weakness, infections, hair loss and peripheral neuropathy �Anorexia and weight loss (3)
Cure or Remission Rate 5 Year Survival Rates Stage 1 ------92. 8% Stage 2 ------78. 6% Stage 3 ------50% Stage 4 ------17. 5% (6)
The Impact of Cancer and Treatment on Nutrition �Cancer can cause chronic nausea and early satiety �Fatigue �Pain �Mental Stress �Vomiting �Metabolic changes �Muscle wasting �Altered taste perception intestinal cramping �Diarrhea �Constipation (5)
Nutrition Therapy Treatment for Bowel Issues �Drink lots of fluid �Eat small meals �Have salty soup and broths �Don’t eat or drink foods that will increase gas �No caffeine �No foods that contain high fat �Talk to your doctor about using digestive enzyme replacements for prolong diarrhea (5)
Prevention Theories �Decrease Ovulation �Pregnancy stops ovulation �Multiple pregnancies �Breastfeeding children �Taking oral contraceptives �Genetic Testing �To detect if you are carrying certain genes that increase your risk �Test positive for BRCA 1 OR BRCA 2 �Surgery �Having a tubal ligation lowers your risk �Hysterectomy also lowers your risk �Screening �Women at high risk should talk to their doctor �Regular Screening � Blood test and ultrasound �Annual pelvic exam (6)
Gynecological Cancer Support Group �a support group for women diagnosed with gynecological cancer, their families and friends to share experiences. �When: Meetings are held the second Tuesday of every month from 5 to 6: 15 p. m. �Where : Banner Desert Cancer Center �Phone Number: (480) 412 -HOPE (4673). �Address: 1400 S. Dobson Road � Mesa, AZ 85202
Citation � Cancer. org. Cancer. 23 January 2012. <http: //www. cancer. org/cancer/ovariancancer/overviewguide/ovarian-cancer-overview-what-isovarian-cancer>. � Cherry, James Michael. Comparative study of molecular changes in ovarian tumor progression and the identification of biomarkers. 2009. <http: //www. grin. com/en/doc/275123/comparative-study -of-molecular-changes-in-ovarian-tumor-progression-and>. � Crowe, Zaneta M. Pronsky and Sr Jeanne P. "Food Medication Interaction. " 2010: 84. � Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. "Cancer-Principles and Practice of Oncology 9 th Edition. " 2011: 1368 -1377. � Sharon Rady Rolfes, Kathryn Pinna and Ellie Whitney. "Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition. " Sharon Rady Rolfes, Kathryn Pinna and Ellie Whitney. Belmont, Ca: Wadworth, 2009. 907 -910. � Thompson. "The Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer Third Edition Volume 2. " 2010: 1090 -1097.
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