Outline Shortterm Working Memory 12232021 Recall Serial position

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Outline • Short-term Working Memory 12/23/2021 » Recall ◊ Serial position curves ◊ Retrieval

Outline • Short-term Working Memory 12/23/2021 » Recall ◊ Serial position curves ◊ Retrieval models » Representation ◊ Phonological, semantic and visual codes Study Question. • Describe an experiment that shows a dissociation between short and long-term memory.

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Serial Position effects ◊ E. g.

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Serial Position effects ◊ E. g. , Beach Plate Potato Coat Basket Pillow Candle Tent Shoe Pipe Tree Hat

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Empirical support for a STM -

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Empirical support for a STM - LTM distinction ◊ Craik’s (1970) Experiment – Subjects were presented with 10 lists of 15 words – Tested immediately after each list – Given a surprise test at the end for all the lists

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Memory scanning

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Memory scanning task – Memory set is presented (e. g. , B V K G) – Probe item is presented (e. g. , K) – Subject must indicate as quickly and accurately as possible whether letter was part of the memory set – Size of the memory set varies (e. g. , from 1 -6)

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Memory scanning

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Memory scanning task predictions – Parallel Search: Time does not vary with set size

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Serial, self-terminating

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Serial, self-terminating – Time varies with set size but matches are faster on average than mismatches

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Serial, exhaustive

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Serial, exhaustive – Time varies with set size and matches and mismatches don’t differ -both involve complete scan

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Results

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » Retrieval from STM ◊ Results

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » A parallel search account. ◊ Process

Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall » A parallel search account. ◊ Process all targets at the same time ◊ Assume time to process targets 400 ms + 40 ms/(proportion of available resources) 1 item -> 1. 00 resources, time = 400 + 40/1 = 440 2 items ->. 50 resources, time = 400 + 40/. 50 = 480 3 items ->. 33 resources, time = 400 + 40/. 33 = 520 Etc. Time for absent trials = Time for present trials

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » The phonological loop: An acoustic-articulatory code

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » The phonological loop: An acoustic-articulatory code – Wickelgrin (1965) » Observers recall lists of letters presented auditorily » Errors tended to be acoustic e. g. , K for A; P for C; etc. – Conrad (1964) » Are errors a function of recall modality? » Tested visual and audiory - Observers tended to make acoustic errors in both

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Semantic codes – Wickens (1972)

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Semantic codes – Wickens (1972)

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Semantic codes – Shulman (1972) »

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Semantic codes – Shulman (1972) » Observers performed a probe recognition task » Lists were words » Observers search STM for • the identical word (II) • a synonym (SS) » Interest in mistaking synonyms for targets (IS)

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Semantic codes – Shulman (1972) »

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Semantic codes – Shulman (1972) » Results - Observers were twice as likely to errantly identify a nonexistent item when a semantic match was present

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visuo-spatial codes – Brandimonte » Had

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visuo-spatial codes – Brandimonte » Had observers commit to memory 6 line drawn objects - Full attention - Or while saying la-la-la » Observers described what the object would become if a certain portion was removed » Results - Observed performed better when the phonological loop was tied up (la-la-la condition)

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visuo-spatial codes – The mental rotation

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visuo-spatial codes – The mental rotation task

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visuo-spatial codes Response time – The

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visuo-spatial codes Response time – The mental rotation task Slow Fast 0 180 360 Angle of Disparity

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM: » Visual vs. acoustic codes ◊ Brooks

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM: » Visual vs. acoustic codes ◊ Brooks (1968) – Two tasks Identifying the nouns in a sentence Identifying the outside corners of block letters

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visual vs. acoustic codes ◊ Brooks

Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM » Visual vs. acoustic codes ◊ Brooks (1968) – Two ways of responding Acoustically (yes, no, yes, etc. ) Visually Yes No Yes Response Task Verbal Visual Verbal 13. 8 11. 3 No No 28. 2 Yes No Pointing 9. 8 No Yes Yes No No No Yes No

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory Control System Executive

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory Control System Executive Control System (General resources) • Control & Decisions • Reasoning, language comprehension • Transferring information to LTM • Recency effects Articulatory Loop Slave Systems • Recycling items by articulatory processes • Phonological memory (passive buffer) Visuo-spatial Scratch Pad • Visual imagery • Visuo-spatial memory (passive buffer)

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Dual tasks

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Dual tasks method and Working Memory ◊ Baddeley & Hitch (1974) – Given: AB – Reply ‘true’ or ‘false’ – (Affirmative) A precedes B (active) B is preceded by A (passive) – (Negative) B does not precede A (active) A is not preceded by B (passive)

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Dual tasks

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Dual tasks method and Working Memory ◊ Logie et al. (1990) – 2 Tasks visual (matching grids) acoustic (letter span) – Secondary tasks: visual (Imaging) acoustic (adding)

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Neuropsychological evidence

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Neuropsychological evidence ◊ Verbal areas Posterior perietal: Sternberg search Executive Control Speech Production

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Neuropsychological evidence

Short-term Working Memory Alan Baddeley • Baddeley’s elaborated STM: Working memory » Neuropsychological evidence ◊ Visual Areas

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Traditional Span tests Video

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Traditional Span tests Video clip: Chimpanzees and STM

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Traditional Span tests »

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Traditional Span tests » Tests of operation span ◊ E. g. ’s For many years, my family and friends have been working on a farm. SPOT Because the room was stuffy, Bob went outside for some fresh air. TRAIL We were fifty miles out to sea before we lost sight of the land. BAND T or F (7 X 8) - 6 = 52 T or F 56/7 + 12 = 21 T or F (13 + 14)/3 = 9 SPOT TRAIL BAND

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Traditional Span tests »

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Traditional Span tests » Tests of operation span ◊ The pronoun reference task Small med large # of intermediate sentences

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Attention ◊ Conway et

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Attention ◊ Conway et al. (2001) – Moray’s Experiment, revisited • 20 % of high span participants noticed their name • 65 % of low span participants noticed their name ◊ Kane & Engle (2003) – Looked at Stroop task performance – 100 % or 50 % incongruent trials • No difference between high/low span – 20 % incongruent trials • Low span - twice the number of errors

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Inhibition ◊ Kane et

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Inhibition ◊ Kane et al. (2001) – Prosaccades - making an eye movement towards a stimulus – Antisaccades - making an eye movement to the location in the opposite visual field of a stimulus – Participants identified a stimulus after making a saccade towards or away from a visual cue. » Prosaccade - no differences » Antisaccade - low span were slower and less accurate

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Creativity ◊ Rosen &

Short-term Working Memory • Individual differences in working memory » Creativity ◊ Rosen & Engle (1997) – Naming animals & “three odd digits” task