Outline Refresher reading phylogenetic trees Animals vertebrates mammals

Outline • Refresher: reading phylogenetic trees • Animals, vertebrates, mammals • Museums research • Ecogeographic “rules” • Four mammal families of interest & species within those families

Reconstructing Evolutionary Relationships Key Ideas = A B C Dpresent Phylogenetic tree = Two populations, each with unique traits Node = speciation event Ancestral population TIME Four populations, each with unique traits past

Monophyly & sister taxa • Monophyletic group (i. e. a clade): • Sister taxa: A clade or monophyletic group

Mapping traits on trees A B C If a trait is shared by A and B but not C, where should we map it on this tree? Unique history of A Unique history of B Shared history of A & B Ancestor of A, B, and C Shared, derived traits diagnose monophyletic groups; are shared by the common ancestor & all its descendants; help us classify species groups.

3 domain tree of life Archaea Eukarya Bacteria

https: //cnx. org/contents/GFy_h 8 cu@10. 53: r. Zud. N 6 XP@2/Introduction Eukarya

Eukaryotes n ee r G e a g al S ce u pr e s Ro rn sh u M Fe m o ro M ice lp Ke li E o. c Bacteria Which taxon/taxa is/are most closely related to ferns? How do you know? Where should we map the trait “nucleus”? 8

https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Figure_29_01_01. jpg

https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: The_Ancestors_Tale_Mammals_cladogram. png Mammals Monotreme Marsupial Eutherian

Reptile vs. mammalian jaw INSERT: Image comparing mammal and reptile skull: In the mammal, most of the lower jaw bones have shifted into the ear, leaving a single jaw bone as the lower mandible. Image available at https: //evolution. berkeley. edu/evolibrary/article/homology_06

Mammals Monotremes Marsupials Carnivores Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) Ungulates Northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) Soricidae House mouse (Mus musculus) Muridae Cricetidae Sciuridae 13 -lined ground squirrel Primates White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)

Outline • • • Refresher: reading phylogenetic trees Animals, vertebrates, mammals Museums research Ecogeographic “rules” Four mammal families of interest & species within those families

Museum research Biodiversity & conservation Change over time Species delineations & process of speciation Evolutionary relationships among organisms Verification of species designations Influence of abiotic/biotic factors on physical characteristics • Large scale geographic patterns • Correlations between diet & body size; habitat type (urban, rural) & physical characteristics • • •

Ecogeographic “rules” • Bergmann’s rule: • Allen’s rule:

https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Inscribed_cone_sphere_cylinder. svg Surface area to volume ratio • Assume cylinder & sphere have the same volume, 100 cm 3 and radius (1. 61 cm) • SAsphere = 32. 57 cm 2 V = • SAcyl = 140. 5 cm 2 SA = • SA: Vsphere = 0. 32 • SA: Vcyl = 1. 40 Which “body shape” will dissipate heat more easily?

Intraspecific variation in moose body mass in Sweden Adult body mass Males Females Latitude Sand, et al. 1995 Oecologia

Allen’s rule in rabbits Northern Arctic Hare Snowshoe Hare https: //www. mun. ca/biology/scarr/Lepus_variation. htm Black-tailed jackrabbit Desert jackrabbit

Mammal families of focus Soricidae (shrews) • 6 species in MI • Found throughout world • High metabolic rate • Mostly terrestrial • 23 genera: Blarina, Sorex, Cryptotis Sciuridae (squirrels) • 9 species in MI • Very familiar; diverse in size & habitat • Worldwide • 51 genera: Tamiasciurus, Sciurus, Ictidomys, Tamias Cricetidae (NW mice, rats, voles) Muridae (OW mice & rats) 1150 spp total Worldwide Diverse in habitats & body types/sizes 260 genera: Mus, Rattus, Micromys • 8 species in MI; 681 spp total • Very diverse family of rodents; diverse habitats & diets • 130 genera: Peromyscus, Neotoma, Microtus • •

Today in lab • Tour of zoology museum portion of RMC • Be careful & please do not touch any specimens unless museum staff offers • Ask questions of the collections managers! • Millions of birds, fish, reptile, amphibian, and insect specimens, dry and wet collections • By the end of lab, decide with your group: type of organism(s) to focus on & a couple potential research questions

First… • Pick an organism or organisms to focus on. One lab room with: – Mice (Mus & Peromyscus spp. ) – Chipmunks (Tamias spp. ) – Shrews (Family Soricidae) – Squirrels other than chipmunks (Family Sciuridae) • Animal diversity web (http: //animaldiversity. org/) is a good resource • Once you’ve decided, tell your instructor. Each lab needs one student group to work on each of the above options.

Next… • Brainstorm 3 research questions you’d like to explore with your organism(s) • Research questions should focus on easily measurable traits (i. e. limb length) • We will supplement the data you collect with data from an online database, Vert. Net, which includes data such as: – total length – tail length – hind foot length – ear length

References Meredith RW, Janečka JE, Gatesy J, Ryder OA, Fisher CA, Teeling EC, Goodbla A, Eizirik E, Simão TLL, Stadler T, Rabosky DL, Honeycutt RL, Flynn JJ, Ingram CM, Steiner C, Williams TL, Robinson TJ, Burk-Herrick A, Westerman M, Ayoub NA, Springer MS, Murphy WJ. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg Extinction on Mammal Diversification. Science 28: 521– 524. Sand H, Cederlund G, Danell K. 1995. Geographical and latitudinal variation in growth patterns and adult body size of Swedish moose (Alces alces). Oecologia 102: 433– 442.