Outline Can We Feed the World Land of

Outline � � Can We Feed the World? Land of Agriculture in World How We Starve? An Ecological Perspective on Agriculture

Can We Feed the World? � History of Agriculture Animals, plants, food etc. Sustainable Nile Valley, Middle East, China � � To overcome environmental limitations New solution= New environmental problem http: //photo. elsoar. com/wp-content/images/Agriculture-Photo-1. jpg

Land of Agriculture in World Europe 22% � Australia 57% � United States 44% Enough for today… � � What if human population increase? http: //www. biology. ualberta. ca/taylor. hp/Biology 381/topic-03 -Large. htm

Food Production � � According to some agricultural scientists and corporations… GMCs Production per unit area http: //cdn 3. chartsbin. com/chartimages/l_578_838 a 080875 c 163 be 97 c 0776240 f 9 ba 35

http: //www. ediblegeography. com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/05/Agriculture-landuse-2000. jpg

How We Starve? � Undernourishment �Lack of sufficient calories �Dramatic, fast-acting � Malnourishment �Lack of chemical components �Long-term, insidious � The supply of the protein Echological, Environmental and Ethical… http: //images. sodahead. com/polls/002120661/5132344595_starving_children_answer_1_xlarge. j peg

Recent Famines � � World War II, At the end of the 20 th century- 34 countries… Food distribution problem �Poor people, �Expensive transportation , Food aid/ short term Solution: Local Production! ‘’Give a man a fish and feed him for a day, teach a man how to fish and feed him for a life’’ � http: //www. konsensushaber. com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Susuzluk. jpg

*Daily Calories Per Capita http: //chartsbin. com/view/1150 *Percentage of Population Undernourished http: //chartsbin. com/view/6997

What We Eat and Grow? � � Half million plant/ 3. 000 as agricultural crops 150 species cultivated on a large scale Food provides 14 crop species as wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, sugarcane, soybean, barley… More than 80% calories of consumed by human beings… http: //www. dfz. bg/assets/6307/agriculture. jpg

Distribution of What We Eat

Small-grain with large world trade. . United States, Canada, Australia. . � 2 million in 1996 2. 2 Billion tons in 2005 � Full of capacity or stabilized demand? �

Aquaculture Farming of food in aquatic habitats � Provide nutritional quality � Culturally important instances. . Yellowtail from Japan, crayfish from U. S. � http: //www. globalpartnershipforoceans. org/sites/default/files/images/Ghana_Aquaculture. gif

� � � Productive, due to flowing water Mariculture (farming of ocean fish) U. S, Canada; Shellfish http: //www. environmental-watch. com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/shutterstock_88536259. jpg

An Ecological Perspective on Agriculture � � Novel ecological conditions because of farming. . Agroecosystems and 6 difference with natural ecosystems. . http: //www. nature. com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-thefoundation-of-agriculture-84224268

� � � Monoculture (large areas planted with single species) Neat rows Biological Diversity Plowing Genetic Modifications http: //media. treehugger. com/assets/images/2011/10/agriculture-impact-climate-change -monoculture-farm-photo. jpg

Limiting Factors � � � � High quality agricultural soils… best of Low-land rice needs heavy water-saturated soil Watermelon – very salty soil Limiting: to make a soil more productive Liebig’s minimum law 20 chemical essential elements Macronutrients/ Micronutrient

� Were Liebig always right? �Nitrogen and phosohorus in proteins example… � Synergistic Effect http: //www. greencareconcept. nl/eng/pagina/141/prevention-throughnutrition. html)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of monoculture? Advantages: It makes farming much more efficient, keeping down costs. Machines and procedures can be used totally systematically on a large scale. Disadvantages: It removes all of the diversity of the natural land thereby eliminates the habitat of almost all of the other plants and animals. It makes the entire crop vulnerable to diseases or environmental changes.

ORGANIC FARMING ALİ SELİM DİRİKOÇ 16936

ORGANIC FARMING � � � Organic farming is typically considered to three qualities; It is more like natural ecosystems than monocultures. It minimizes negative environmental impacts. The food that results from it doesn’t contain artificial compounds.

ORGANIC FARMING IFOAM’s Definition: “Organic agriculture is a production system which maintains sustainability of ecosystem, lands and human health. The purpose of organic farming is to combine innovation, tradition and science to benefit our common environment and to maintain a good life with all people in fair relations. ” http: //www. qways. gr/en/images/new. qways. gr/800 pxifoam_logo. svg. png

ORGANIC FARMING Organic Sales by Category U. S. Total Livestock Products % of U. S. Organic Sales Iowa Total % of Iowa Organic Sales $906, 207, 000 28. 7% $20, 560, 000 28. 7% Vegetables 689, 992, 000 21. 9% 803, 615 1. 1% Field Crops *526, 780, 000 16. 7% *34, 741, 216 48. 6% Fruits & Tree Nuts 444, 747, 000 14. 1% 110, 085 0. 2% Livestock 316, 470, 000 10. 0% 14, 679, 000 20. 5% Floriculture/Bed ding 179, 657, 000 5. 7% 192, 678 0. 3% 83, 233, 000 2. 6% 121, 888 0. 2% Berries * – Sales may be higher than stated due to un-disclosed values (Source: USDA) Certified and Exempt Organic Farms in USA Organic Food Sales in US http: //iowaindependent. com/27755/iowa-9 th-innation-for-organic-farms-low-on-direct-consumeroutlets#sthash. c. L 1 OX 9 FX. dpuf

ALTERNATIVES TO MONOCULTURE Tractors in potato Field

ALTERNATIVES TO MONOCULTURE � Combination � Broad of crops range of genotypes http: //www. frutasberi. com/images/cultivos/bg_top_e n. jpg

QUESTION GIVE AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD TO MONOCULTURE AND EXPLAIN THIS METHOD.

ANSWER It depends on the maintenance of a productive agriculture that sustains yields and provides the use of local resources while trying to block harmful environmental and socio-economic impacts of new technologies

A BELIEF ON FOOD CHAIN http: //www. field-studiescouncil. org/urbaneco/images/011 -foodchain. jpg

A BELIEF ON FOOD CHAIN Domestic animals are used for human transportation http: //3. bp. blogspot. com/-0 p. T 6 Xnnxcfw/T 4_R 7 b 5 SUI/AAAAe. UU/ysbtyhsbw. T 4/s 1600/Bey az_renkte_at_arabas. jpg

Genetically Modified Food: Biotechnology, Farming and Environment http: //www. healthyalterego. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/gm. O-tomato. jpg

Genetically Modified Food: Biotechnology, Farming and Environment Increase of GMC according to years http: //www. nature. com/news/2009/090218/full/457949 a. html

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE CHANGED AND AGRICULTURE Percentage Changes in Yields Due to Environmental Factors From Present to 2050 http: //rootsforgrowth. com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/31. png

. Soil erosion. Sediment transport and deposition downstream. On-site pollution from overuse and secondary effects of fertilizers and pesticides . Off-site pollution of other ecosystems (soil, water, air). Deforestation. Desertification. Degradation of aquifers. Salinization. Accumulation of toxic metals. Accumulation of toxic organic compounds. Loss of biodiversity http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ALp 3 y 9 b 0 Aeo

http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/c 1/Plowing_ec omat. jpg

Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by exogenic processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations. http: //earthwatchunlocked. files. wordpress. com/2012/06/matt-andersen-drought-and-erosion-takes-it-toll-ongrazing-land. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Erosion

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. Contour Plowing http: //media. web. britannica. com/eb-media/99/65699 -0047 FCC 0 E 1 C. jpg

Contour plowing or contour farming is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of top soil loss and soil erosion. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Contour_plowin g

. No-till Agriculture http: //www. fairfaxcounty. gov/nvswcd/images/notill 2. jpg

No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. No-till is an agricultural technique which increases the amount of water that infiltrates into the soil and increases organic matter retention and cycling of nutrients in the soil. In many agricultural regions it can eliminate soil erosion. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/No-till_farming

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Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, destroying, or mitigating any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, plants, diseases or insects. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pesticide

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Grazing is the removal of live tissue from a living plant. Grazing differs from true predation because the organism being eaten from is not generally killed, and it differs from parasitism as the two organisms do not live together, nor is the grazer necessarily so limited in what it can eat http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Grazing

http: //www. davidsuzuki. org/blogs/sciencematters/assets_c/2013/04/desert 2 -thumb-480 xauto-4312. jpg

Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Desertification

. Changes land cover . Increase in carbondioxide . Species diversity . Fire http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sea wifs_global_biosphere. jpg/1024 px-Seawifs_global_biosphere. jpg