Outcomes in Zimbabwes CAMPFIRE Program Post2000 Judith Mashinya

Outcomes in Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE Program Post-2000 Judith Mashinya World Wildlife Fund

Outline Background p Case studies p n n p Mahenye (2004) Nyaminyami (2006) Findings

Governance Current focus on governance p Complex bundle of interacting variables p n n n Devolution, participation Transparency, corruption control Accountability, capacity

Logic of CBNRM adverse external changes governance + incentives revenue development conservation

CAMPFIRE First National CBNRM p Major donor funding p Limited devolution p Substantial success through 2000 p 90% of revenue from sport hunting p

Post-2000 changes p End of donor funding n n p Withdrawal of NGOs End of oversight and support Beginning of national crisis n n Political struggle Economic collapse

Mahenye case study (2004)

Mahenye case study Cited as model project up through 2000 p After 2000, CAMPFIRE leadership taken over undemocratically p Decline of social and economic benefits p E. g. household dividends <US$1/household; no new community projects p Elite capture p

Nyaminyami case study (2006)

Nyaminyami case study Also highly regarded up through 2000 p After 2000, lack of accountability of councilors p Decline of social and economic benefits p E. g. : 2005 hunting revenue ~US$750 k, no disbursements, no investment in community projects p Elite capture p

Summary of post-2000 outcomes Evidence from Mahenye and Nyaminyami External conditions Donor funding ends; national crisis begins. Local governance Elites capture benefits; end to transparency, accountability, participation Project revenues Development outcomes Revenue reduced, but still sufficient to provide useful benefits. Household dividends decline to ~0; community investments decline to ~0 Conservation outcomes Poaching remains minor; key wildlife populations stable or growing.

Conclusions Some mechanism to ensure good governance— transparency, accountability, devolution and participation—is essential p Current conditions in Zimbabwe make progress unlikely over the short term p