Out of Many A History of the American

Out of Many A History of the American People Seventh Edition Brief Sixth Edition Chapter 1 A Continent of Villages to 1500 Out of Many: A History of the American People, Brief Sixth Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Continent of Villages to 1500 • • The First American Settlers The Development of Farming in Early North America Cultural Regions of North America on the Eve of Colonization • Conclusion

Painting of Cahokia Mounds, Collinsville, Illinois by Michael Hampshire.

A Continent of Villages • What does the chapter title suggest about North American Indian societies before 1500?

Bust from the skull of “Kennewick Man”

Chapter Focus Questions • How were the Americas first settled? • In what ways did native communities adapt to the distinct regions of North America? • What were the consequences of the development of farming for native communities?

Chapter Focus Questions (cont'd) • What was the nature of the Indian cultures in the three regions where Europeans first invaded and settled?

American Communities: Cahokia • Tenth through fourteenth-century urban complex on Mississippi • 20, 000 -30, 000 people by mid-1200 § Highly productive cultivation techniques § Goods for continent-wide trade

American Communities: Cahokia • Center of long-distance trading • City-state—tribute and taxation § § Monument mounds Priests and governors Huge temple — wealth and power Mystery well into the 19 th century

The First American Settlers

Clovis points

Who Are the Indian People? • “Indian”—Columbus’ believed he reached the Indies. • Diverse group of people § 2, 000 separate cultures § Several hundred languages § Many varying physical characteristics

Who Are the Indian People? (cont'd) • Theories of origin § Degenerate offspring from a superior Old World culture. § Land bridge

MAP 1. 1 Migration Routes from Asia to America

Migration from Asia • New genetic research links. • Beringia land bridge. § Glaciers lower sea levels, creating grasslands 750 miles wide from north to south. • Three migrations from Asia beginning about 30, 000 years ago § Traveled by land (ice-free corridor) and along coast

Clovis: The First American Environmental Adaptation • New and powerful technology. § More sophisticated style of making fluted blades and lance points. § Named for site of first discovery: Clovis, New Mexico • Mobile, foraging communities of interrelated families. • Clovis bands migrated seasonally to the same hunting camps.

New Ways of Living on the Land • As the last Ice Age ended 15, 000 years ago, new climate patterns developed in North America. • Between 10, 000 and 2, 500 years ago, the modern regions of the continent took shape and, with it, the distinct cultural regions of the Archaic Native American period.

Hunting Traditions • Massive climate shift stressed big game animals • Hunted bison (buffalo) with fast accurate weapons • Folsom tradition • Spear-throwers

Hunting Traditions (cont'd) • Hunting technique of stampeding bison over cliffs. § Sophisticated division of labor and knowledge of food preservation techniques

Example of a projectile point embedded in the ribs of a long extinct species of bison

MAP 1. 2 Native North American Culture Areas and Trade Networks, ca. 1400 CE

Desert Culture • Small-game hunting and intensified foraging • seasonal routes of foraging • Skills § § fiber baskets for collecting; pitch-lined baskets for cooking; nets and traps; and stone tools.

Desert Culture (cont'd) • Spread to Great Plains and Southwest § West coast developed first permanently settled communities in North America

Forest Efficiency • Eastern North America a vast forest • Archaic developments: § small-game hunting; § gathering seeds, nuts, roots, and other plants; § burning woodlands, prairies to stimulate growth of berries, fruits, and roots; § burning created meadows to provide food that attracted grazing animals for hunting; and fishing.

Forest Efficiency (cont'd) • Populations grew, permanent settlements • Men and women in different roles

The Development of Farming

Mesoamerican maize cultivation, as illustrated by an Aztec artist for the Florentine Codex

Mexico • First cultivated maize about 5, 000 years ago • Crops: potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes, peppers, avocados, chocolate, and vanilla. • Sedentary lifestyle and rise of large, urban complexes • Teotihuacán— 200, 000 inhabitants.

Mexico (cont'd) • Elite class of rulers and priests, monumental public works, and systems of mathematics and hieroglyphic writing • Toltecs and Aztecs succeeded Teotihuacán culture

Mexico (continued) • Early 1500 s, Tenochtitlán — a city of 200, 000, larger than any in Europe • Yucatan § Maya flourished from 300 BCE to 900 CE, developing advanced writing and calendar systems and sophisticated mathematics.

Increasing Social Complexity • Farming stimulated complexity • Clans bound people into tribe • Led by clan leaders of chiefs and advised by councils of elders § Chiefs were responsible for collection, storage, and distribution of food. • Gender-divided labor • Marriage ties generally weak

Increasing Social Complexity (cont'd) • Growing populations required larger food surpluses, leading to war

The creation of man and woman depicted on a pot (dated about 1000 CE)

The Resisted Revolution • Change a gradual process • Costs and benefits—farmers worked harder than foragers, less flexible, and more vulnerable • Rejection of farming: climate, abundant food sources, cultural values

The Resisted Revolution (cont'd) • Foraging: provided varied diet, less influenced by climate, required less work § Farmers: more disease and famine than foragers § Favorable climate needed for farming.

Farming in Early North America

Cliff Palace, at Mesa Verde National Park in southwest Colorado

Farmers of the Southwest • Farming emerged in southwest in first millennium B. C. E • The Mogollon § First in settled farming life: maize, beans, squash § Pit houses in permanent villages near streams

Farmers of the Southwest (cont'd) • The Hohokam § Maize, beans, squash, tobacco, cotton § Villages: floodplain of the Salt and Gila rivers (C. E. 300 to 1500) § First irrigation system § Shared traits with Mesoamerican civilization

The Anasazis • Farming culture § Plateau of Colorado River—Four Corners (Arizona, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico) § Densely populated, multistoried apartment complexes (pueblos) § High-yield maize in irrigated terraced fields § Hunting with bow and arrow § 25, 000+ known communities

The Anasazis (cont'd) • Farming culture § Declined due to extended drought and arrival of Athapascan migrants

Farmers of the Eastern Woodlands • Farming culture in eastern North America was dated from the first appearance of pottery about 3, 000 years ago. • Woodland culture combined hunting and gathering with farming § Sunflowers, small grains, tobacco § Developed a complex social structure

Farmers of the Eastern Woodlands (cont'd) • Adena culture occupied Ohio Valley § Established custom of large burial mounds for leaders

Mississippian Society • Introduction of bow and arrow, development of Northern Flint maize, and switch from digging sticks to hoes were basis of Mississippian culture. § Developed sophisticated maize farming § Centered around permanent villages on Mississippi River floodplain, with Cahokia as urban center § Sites from Oklahoma to Arkansas to Alabama to Georgia have been excavated.

The Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio

The Politics of Warfare and Violence • River systems—trading partners and rivals • Warfare predated the colonial era § Hunters led small raids on farming communities. § Farming communities fought to gain land for cultivation. § Highly organized tribal armies - Bow and arrow—deadly weapon - Scalping—warring tribes.

The Politics of Warfare and Violence (cont'd) • Warfare predated the colonial era § Eventually, many cities collapsed and people scattered, forming small decentralized communities.

Bottle in the shape of a nursing mother (dated about 1300 BCE)

Cultural Regions of North America on the Eve of Colonization

An Early European Image of Native Americans

MAP 1. 3 Population Density of Indian Societies in the Fifteenth

The Population of Indian America • 1600 s—Western Hemisphere population 50 million or more • Cultural regions § Largest populations were centered in Southwest, South, and Northeast—culture areas where first encounters with Europeans occurred.

”The New Queen Being Taken to the King, ” an engraving copied from a drawing by Jacques Le. Moyne

MAP 1. 4 Indian Groups in the Areas of First Contact

The Southwest • Aridity—though a number of rivers flow out of mountain plateaus • Dry farming or irrigated agriculture, living in villages. § Separate dispersed settlements § Pueblos and communal village life • Yuman, Pimas, Pueblos, and, Athapascans who developed into Navajo and Apaches.

The Southwest (cont'd) • Pueblos inhabit the oldest continuously occupied sites in the United States, persisting through Spanish occupation in the seventeenth century.

The South • Mild climate with short winters and long summers proved ideal for farming. • Large populations lived in villages and towns, often ruled by chiefs. • Region home to Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creeks, and Cherokees. • Many groups decimated by disease following the arrival of Europeans resulted in poor documentation of history.

The South (cont'd) • Mild moist climate for farming • Natchez in floodplains of the lower Mississippi Delta • Ranked society—powerful elites • Unstable chiefdoms—smaller decentralized communities

The South (cont'd) • Post-Mississippians (Choctaws, Chickasaws and Creeks): centralized and stratified societies • Shared traditions (agricultural festivals, stick and ball game)

Hiawatha wampum belt of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Five Nation Confederacy

The Northeast • Colder with coastal plains, mountains, rivers, lakes, valleys • The Iroquois: § § Present-day Ontario, upstate New York Corn, beans, squash, sunflowers Matrilineal (longhouses) Formed confederacy to eliminate warfare

The Northeast (cont'd) • The Algonquians: § 50 distinct, patrilineal cultures § Bands with loose ethnic affiliation in north § Farmed and lived in villages in south

Conclusion

Worlds Old and New • Columbus did not discover a New World; he brought together two old worlds. • Europeans too often misunderstood or ignored the complexities of Native American cultures they encountered.

Chronology