Our hearts where they rocked our cradle Our

Nations and Nationalism n n n “Nation” a type of community, especially prominent in

Easy Way To Remember The Aspects of Nation-Building… n n Military Identity: § §

Types of Nationalism n Cultural nationalism q q n Johann Gottfried von Herder (17441803)

Nationalism and Anti-Semitism n n n Nationalist ideologies distrustful of indigenous minorities Pogroms, violent

6 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or

7 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or

Zionism n n n Theodor Herzl (Austria, 1860 -1904) journalist at Dreyfus trial Observed

The Congress of Vienna (18141815) n n Meeting after defeat of Napoleon Prince Klemens

Europe After the Congress of Vienna 10 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies

National Rebellions n Greeks in Balkan peninsula seek independence from Ottoman Turks, 1821 q

Unifications of Italy and Germany n Italy and Germany formerly disunited groups of regional

Cavour, Garibaldi and Bismarck… 13 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission

Unification of Germany and Italy 14 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc.

Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind. –Albert Einstein 15

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Our hearts where they rocked our cradle Our love where we spent our toil, And our faith, and our hope, and our honor, We pledge to our native soil. God gave all men all earth to love But since our hearts are small Ordained for each one spot should prove Beloved over all. –Rudyard Kipling 1 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Nations and Nationalism n n n “Nation” a type of community, especially prominent in 19 th century Distinct from clan, religious, regional identities Usually based on shared language, customs, values, historical experience q n Sometimes common religion Idea of nation has immediate relationship with political boundaries 2 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Easy Way To Remember The Aspects of Nation-Building… n n Military Identity: § § § n n Culture Language History Religion Nationalism! Development Government Economy (Economic System…) Territory 3 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Types of Nationalism n Cultural nationalism q q n Johann Gottfried von Herder (17441803) praises the Volk (“people”) Literature, folklore, music as expressions of Volksgeist: “spirit of the people” Political nationalism q q q Movement for political independence of nation from other authorities Unification of national lands Giuseppe Mazzini (1805 -1872), “Young Italy” 4 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Nationalism and Anti-Semitism n n n Nationalist ideologies distrustful of indigenous minorities Pogroms, violent attacks on Jewish communities in Russian Empire beginning 1881 Anti-Semitism rallying cry of many European nationalists French military Captain Alfred Dreyfus framed for selling military secrets to Germany Eventually exonerated, but great debate on loyalty of Jews in European societies 5 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Zionism n n n Theodor Herzl (Austria, 1860 -1904) journalist at Dreyfus trial Observed intense mob anti-semitism, concluded that Enlightenment and revolution could not solve this human ill Worked to create refuge for Jews by reestablishing Jewish state in Palestine q n Zion synonymous with Jerusalem 1897 convened first World Zionist Congress 8 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Congress of Vienna (18141815) n n Meeting after defeat of Napoleon Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria, 17731859) supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire Established balance of power Worked to suppress development of nationalism among multi-national empires like the Austrian q Why do you think he did this? 9 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

National Rebellions n Greeks in Balkan peninsula seek independence from Ottoman Turks, 1821 q n With European help, Greece achieves independence in 1830 Rebellions all over Europe, especially in 1848 q q Rebels take Vienna, Metternich resigns and flees But rebellions put down by 1849 11 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Unifications of Italy and Germany n Italy and Germany formerly disunited groups of regional kingdoms, city-states, ecclesiastical states q n n Germany: over three hundred semiautonomous jurisdictions Nationalist sentiment develops idea of unification Count Camillo di Cavour (1810 -1861) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807 -1882) unify Italy under King Vitttore Emmanuele II Otto von Bismarck (1815 -1898) advances Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”), uses wars with neighbors to unify Germany Second Reich proclaimed in 1871 (Holy Roman Empire the first), King Wilhelm I named Emperor q What will be the Third Reich? 12 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.