Our Expanding Universe Humanitys changing vision of the

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Our Expanding Universe: Humanity’s changing vision of the cosmos Presented by: Name, Affiliation Structure

Our Expanding Universe: Humanity’s changing vision of the cosmos Presented by: Name, Affiliation Structure and Evolution of the Universe Workshop Location and Date here http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe What is Cosmology? The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin,

Our Expanding Universe What is Cosmology? The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin, evolution, and destiny Our universal “world view” Our cosmological model http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Cosmology through the ages… Universe models formed in many cultures http:

Our Expanding Universe Cosmology through the ages… Universe models formed in many cultures http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Our View of the Cosmos - the story of scientific models

Our Expanding Universe Our View of the Cosmos - the story of scientific models Astronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmology 2 nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of Aristotle) Model: Earth-centered Cosmology Big Idea: Different laws for Earth and the cosmos 16 th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus (Physics of Newton) Model: Sun-centered Cosmology Big Idea: Universal physics; same laws everywhere 20 th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein) Model: Big Bang Cosmology Big Idea: Universe is changing, evolving http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Earth-centered Cosmology: Claudius Ptolemy, 100 -170 AD …“the natural motion of

Our Expanding Universe Earth-centered Cosmology: Claudius Ptolemy, 100 -170 AD …“the natural motion of the Earth …. is towards the center of the universe; that is the reason it is now lying at the center. ” Aristotle, On the Heavens http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Earth-centered model Prediction: Future planetary positions Observation: retrograde motion

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Earth-centered model Prediction: Future planetary positions Observation: retrograde motion of planets Refine: epicycles Success! For 1500 years http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Earth-centered model Prediction: Phases of Venus Observation: Full set

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Earth-centered model Prediction: Phases of Venus Observation: Full set of phases http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/ Crisis!

Our Expanding Universe Sun-centered Cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 -1543 “At rest, however, in the

Our Expanding Universe Sun-centered Cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 -1543 “At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the Sun. ” Nicholaus Copernicus, de Revolutionibus http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: Future planetary positions Observation: No better

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: Future planetary positions Observation: No better than Ptolemy Refine: elliptical orbits (Johannes Kepler 1571 -1630) http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: Observed shift in position of stars

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: Observed shift in position of stars (parallax) as the earth Moves around the Sun. Observation: No shift. Crisis? No, but we had to wait until 1838 (Friedrich Bessel) http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: Sun at center of Cosmos Observation:

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Sun-centered model Prediction: Sun at center of Cosmos Observation: Sun is not at center of universe (1918) Observation: The galaxy is not the entire universe (1923) Crisis! http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Big Bang Cosmology: Albert Einstein (1879 -1955) “A human being is

Our Expanding Universe Big Bang Cosmology: Albert Einstein (1879 -1955) “A human being is part of a whole, called by us ‘universe’, a part limited in time and space. ” http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: The universe is expanding Observation:

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: The universe is expanding Observation: Galaxies are moving apart from each other (1929) http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The spectrum of hydrogen gas is

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The spectrum of hydrogen gas is the unique fingerprint of that element Hydrogen lamp http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe When we see a repeat of

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe When we see a repeat of the pattern we saw in the lab, we know hydrogen is present Orion Nebula http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe We see the same repeating pattern

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe We see the same repeating pattern of lines in a galaxy, but displaced to the red Galaxy UGC 12915 http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The further the galaxy, the more

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The further the galaxy, the more the shift to the red Galaxy UGC 12508 http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The greater the red shift, the

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The greater the red shift, the faster the galaxy is receding Galaxy KUG 1750 http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is caused by

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is caused by the expansion of space. Galaxy KUG 1217 http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is evidence for

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for an expanding universe The red shift is evidence for an expanding universe Galaxy IRAS F 09159 http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: If the universe was denser,

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: If the universe was denser, hotter, in past, we should see evidence of left-over heat from early universe. Observation: Left-over heat from the early universe. (Penzias and Wilson, 1965) http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: A hot, dense expanding universe,

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: A hot, dense expanding universe, should be predominantly hydrogen, helium. Observation: Universe is ~75% hydrogen, ~25% helium by mass The Sun: 74. 5% H, 24% He by mass http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/ Cecilia Payne

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: An expanding universe is evolving

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Prediction: An expanding universe is evolving over time. If we look at the early universe, it should appear different. Observation: Distant galaxies less evolved, physically and chemically. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Observation: 90% of matter is an

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Observation: 90% of matter is an unknown form: Dark Matter. Refine: A new and unknown form of matter exists. But its gravity works the same way, and its presence is needed to explain how the universe looks. Vera Rubin http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Observation: Expansion is accelerating. Refine: Extra

Our Expanding Universe Testing the Big Bang model Observation: Expansion is accelerating. Refine: Extra energy content. A recent discovery and of unknown origin, the concept of Dark Energy is actually an integral part of Einstein’s theory of gravity. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 1 A dying star becomes a white dwarf. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 2 The white dwarf strips gas from its stellar companion…. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 3 …. and uses it to become a hydrogen bomb. Bang! http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 4 The explosion is as bright as an entire galaxy of stars…. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step

Our Expanding Universe Evidence for Dark Energy - supernovae as distance indicators - step 5 …. . and can be seen in galaxies across the universe. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe “Normal Matter” 4% Dark Energy 73% Dark Matter 23% http: //www.

Our Expanding Universe “Normal Matter” 4% Dark Energy 73% Dark Matter 23% http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Conclusions • Big Bang model describes our current understanding of the

Our Expanding Universe Conclusions • Big Bang model describes our current understanding of the universe. • New discoveries, such as dark matter and accelerating expansion (Dark Energy), lead us to refine our model, but there is no crisis in our understanding (yet). • Science is an ongoing process - forcing us to test our model through prediction and observation. The more tests it passes, the greater is our confidence in it. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe The Future of Cosmology: Beyond Einstein • What powered the Big

Our Expanding Universe The Future of Cosmology: Beyond Einstein • What powered the Big Bang? • What is Dark Energy? • How did the Universe begin? http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/

Our Expanding Universe Credits Colliding galaxies: NASA & the Hubble Heritage Team (STSc. I)

Our Expanding Universe Credits Colliding galaxies: NASA & the Hubble Heritage Team (STSc. I) Edge-on galaxy: Bruce Hugo and Leslie Gaul, Adam Block (KPNO Visitor Program), NOAO, AURA, NSF Phases of Venus: Albert Van Helden Ring nebula: H. Bond et al. , Hubble Heritage Team (STSc. I / AURA), NASA Star field: NASA/GSFC Andromeda: Palomar Observatory, P. Challis, Cf. A White dwarf accretion: STSc. I, NASA HGC 87: Gemini Observatory/GMOS-S Supernova Remnant: NASA/ESA/JHU/R. Sankrit & W. Blair Galaxy cluster: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT Galaxy and supernova data: High-Z Supernova Search Team, HST, NASA Orion nebula: Micro. Observatory, SAO Composition of the universe: SAO Galaxy data: courtesy Emilio Falco, Cf. A Spacecraft and Einstein probes: NASA Comic microwave background: NASA/WMAP Cecilia Payne: President and Fellows of Harvard College ALBERT EINSTEIN and related rights ™/© of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, used under license. Represented by the Roger Richman Agency, Inc. , www. albert-einstein. net Early galaxies: NASA, Richard Griffiths/JHU, Medium Deep Survey Team Please contact einstein 2005@cfa. harvard. edu for more information about non-credited historical images. Sun: SOHO/NASA/ESA http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/ URL or program name here

Our Expanding Universe Additional Credits This presentation was initially developed for the “Modeling the

Our Expanding Universe Additional Credits This presentation was initially developed for the “Modeling the Universe” educator workshop by the Universe Education Forum and our NASA mission partners. For additional information and activities related to themes of this presentation, please visit the “Modeling the Universe” web site: http: //www. universeforum. org/mtu/ This collaboration is part of the education and public outreach program from NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. http: //www. universeforum. org/einstein/ URL or program name here