Ottomans Bellwork The Ottoman empire replaced the Empire
Ottomans Bellwork ■ The Ottoman empire replaced the ______ Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean ■ Byzantine Empire ■ Describe the Devsirme ■ Human Tax of Christian males from the Balkans who went on to government positions
Theme Tuesday Bellwork ■ What is an example of Creation, Expansion and Interaction of Economic Systems in the Ottoman Empire? ■ Answers Vary ■ What is an example of State-Building, Expansion and Conflict in the Ottoman Empire? ■ Answers Vary
Objective ■ WWBAT: Discuss the political organization and major struggles of the Ottoman Empire
POV QUESTIONS TO ASK • Why are they saying what they are saying? • What motivated them to write this document in the first place? • What do they want the audience to hear and to know and to understand? • Does the author want to sway people’s opinion on the topic?
Interactive Setup ■ 2/7/2017 ■ Ottoman Politics and decline ■ This will be one page
Sultans Ottomans and Europe Millet Ottomans Decline
Sultans ■ Head of the Ottoman State was the Sultan, the Sultan was the supreme political and religious leader of the Turks ■ Sultans ruled Viziers or advisors who often did much of the work of ruling –Viziers in turn rule over a series of
Sultans ■ The Sultan rarely married, he kept enslaved concubines (by honor) in the “sacred place” or Harem ■ Any of the Sultan’s offspring had the ability to be the “heir” but they often were forced to kill all their brothers once they obtained the distinction ■ The mother of the heir became the “Queen
Sultans ■ Mothers of sultans were called Valide sultan ■ Haseki sultan were the favorite consorts of the sultan – Held more power than anyone but the sultan ■ The 16 th and 17 th century was called the “Sultanate of women “ because of the power of Valide and Haseki sultans
Millet ■ This system was set up to deal with ruling non-Muslims – At times as much as 80% of the empire was non-Muslim ■ Religious groups was organized into a millet – Each religious group was considered its own millet, with multiple millets existing in the empire
Millet ■ Each millet could elect their own leader ■ Leaders of the millets were allowed to enforce their own religion’s rules on their people ■ Islamic law (Shariah) had no jurisdiction over non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.
Millet ■ Leaders ultimately reported to the sultan, and if there was a problem with a millet, the sultan would consult that millet leader ■ Millets were given freedom to use their own language, develop their own institutions (churches, schools, etc), and collect taxes
Millet ■ In cases of crime, people would be punished according to the rules of their own religion ■ Cases involving two people from different millets, a Muslim judge was to preside over the case and judge according to his best judgement and common law
Ottomans and Europe ■ The Ottoman Empire was by this time a significant and accepted part of the European political sphere ■ Entered into a military alliance with many European states – Allied with France, England the Netherlands against Habsburg Spain, Italy and Habsburg Austria ■ The alliances were economic as well as military, as the sultans granted the right of trade within the empire without levy of taxation to allies
Ottomans and Europe ■ As the 16 th century progressed, Ottoman naval superiority was challenged by the growing sea powers of western Europe, particularly Portugal, in the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean and the Spice Islands ■ With the Ottomans blockading sea-lanes to the East and South, the European powers were driven to find another way to the ancient silk and spice routes caused an increase in European exploration, now under Ottoman control ■ On land, the empire was preoccupied by military campaigns in the Austria and Persia, two widelyseparated theaters of war
Ottomans and Europe ■ The strain of these conflicts on the empire's resources, and the logistics of maintaining lines of supply and communication across such vast distances, ultimately rendered its sea efforts unsustainable and unsuccessful ■ The overriding military need for defense on the western and eastern frontiers of the empire eventually made effective long-term engagement on a global scale impossible
The Decline of the Ottoman Empire To maintain their power against rivals, Suleyman & other Ottoman sultans executed their brothers & jailed their sons which led to progressively weaker leaders
The Decline of the Empire: 18 c
Ottoman Decline ■ The Jelali revolts (1519– 1610) and Janissary revolts (1622) caused widespread lawlessness and rebellion in Anatolia in the late 16 th and early 17 th centuries, and toppled several governments ■ During the 17 th century the Ottoman state and its structures began to adapt to new pressures and new realities, internal and external but a little too late
Ottoman Decline ■ During the stagnation period much territory in the Balkans was ceded to Austria ■ Certain areas of the empire, such as Egypt and Algeria, became independent in all but name ■ Subsequently came under the influence of Britain and France ■ The 18 th century saw centralized authority give way to varying degrees of provincial autonomy enjoyed by local governors and leaders ■ A series of wars were fought between the Russian and Ottoman empires from the 17 th to the 19 th century
Ottoman Decline ■ By the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the Ottoman Empire was so weak it was known as the “sick man of Europe” ■ After further internal revolt and weakening The Ottoman Empire collapses in 1922
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