Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire Osman founder leader

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Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire Osman- founder; leader of a band of semi-nomadic Turks who migrated

The Ottoman Empire Osman- founder; leader of a band of semi-nomadic Turks who migrated to NW Anatolia in the 13 th c. Empire lasted until 1922 but its peak was during the 16 thc. The Rise of the Ottomans: • History of Anatolia (pg. 302)- Took Constantinople in 1453; Istanbul – Christian center to Muslim center (Hagia Sophia) • Height of power under Suleiman the Magnificent – ruled 1520 -1566. – Commanded greatest assault against Europe; conquered Belgrade in 1521; sieged Vienna; retreated. . . What if? ? ?

The Ottoman Empire: Political Characteristics • Sultans political and military leaders- warrior aristocracy •

The Ottoman Empire: Political Characteristics • Sultans political and military leaders- warrior aristocracy • Warrior aristocrats were granted land power- challenged sultan • Held in check by a new elite military group- Janissaries – “devshirme” – required Christians to contribute young boys to become slave of the sultan; specially trained and given weapons – became elite group – Political and economic power over old aristocrats – Expected to have a say in the sultan’s decisions • Large bureaucracy centered in Istanbul • Sultan was aided by a vizier- the head of the imperial administration (day to day operations). • Viziers gained political power over sultans • Problems of succession

The Ottoman Empire: Economic Challenges • Istanbul- bustling cosmopolitan city • Decline in the

The Ottoman Empire: Economic Challenges • Istanbul- bustling cosmopolitan city • Decline in the mid-17 thc. Internal Issues -Reached the limits of expansion -Too large to maintain (overland transportation $) -Increased corruption among local government officials -Peasant revolts -Succession issues; Sultan sons hostage = incompetent -Increasing demands from the Janissaries External Issues -Inflation due to New World silver

The Ottoman Empire: Cultural and Social Characteristics • Most were Sunni Muslim; the empire

The Ottoman Empire: Cultural and Social Characteristics • Most were Sunni Muslim; the empire encompassed Christians and Jews also • Istanbul most cosmopolitan city; goal= restore to former glory – Suleymaniye Mosque= one of greatest engineering feats of Islamic civilization. Social Structure: • large artisan/merchant class = organized in guilds • Believed they were superior to Europe = closed off = no printing Changing Balance of Power: • Loss of the “Ottoman Lake” (the Mediterranean Sea) – Lost famous sea battle to Philip II of Spain in 1571 • Lost control of many ports along Indian Ocean basin to the Portuguese

Safavid Empire

Safavid Empire

The Safavid Empire Grew from Turkish nomadic group as well. Shi’ites: Imams- true heirs

The Safavid Empire Grew from Turkish nomadic group as well. Shi’ites: Imams- true heirs of Islam; descendants of Ali (continued until the 9 thc. ) “Hidden Imam”- 12 th descendant disappeared as a child. Ismail- united large area south of the Caspian Sea and west of the Ottoman Empire. Declared official religion Twelver Shi’ism Hostility with Ottomans; Shi’ite/Sunni split The battle of Chaldiran: • Ismail sent his best cavalry – qizilbash (“red-heads” – Turbans) – Swords/knives • Ottoman Janissaries – cannon/muskets = decisive victory • Safavids recovered and fought for another two centuries! • “marker event”- (pg. 307)

The Safavid Empire: Politics and Religion Reached their peak under Shah Abbas I- ruled

The Safavid Empire: Politics and Religion Reached their peak under Shah Abbas I- ruled 1588 to 1629 • Boys in Russia were captured, educated, converted to Islam = became soldiers. • “Slave infantrymen”- trained to use firearms • Power over qizilbash • Focused on land-based power vs. sea-based Authority = military prowess and religious piety: • Expansion = extension of Islam; champions of Shi’ism; Saw Europeans as infidels • Defeating Sunnis was an important act of faith • “king of kings” “the great king”- grand places and ritualized court life. • The shahs were the keeper of Shi’ism

The Safavid Empire: Economic and Social Organization Tension between Persian and Turkish culture: •

The Safavid Empire: Economic and Social Organization Tension between Persian and Turkish culture: • Turkish chiefs challenged early shahs • Transformed into warrior nobility • Shahs appointed Persians and gave authority to ‘slave infantrymen’ Shahs generally promoted trade: • Isfahan capital but not cosmopolitan • Manufactured textiles and the Persian rug • Guilds organized the merchants Negatively impacted by the inflation caused by the flood of silver = difficult to pay army and bureaucracy

The Safavid Empire: Cultural Characteristics Mixture of Turkish and Persian Traditions: • Arabic and

The Safavid Empire: Cultural Characteristics Mixture of Turkish and Persian Traditions: • Arabic and Persian languages • Poetry, history, drams, fiction – kept Persian identity • Area around Baghdad – separating area between Arabic and Persian culture. • Architecture of mosques Blending of Sufi mysticism and militant political objectives: • Founded on Sufi religious beliefs • Mystic union with God. • Later shahs banned all Sufi orders Callapsed in 1720 s: • Turkish and Afghani attack • Islamic in-fighting • Ever-growing dominance of sea-based powers

The Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire 1450 Indian subcontinent controlled by the Delhi Sultanate; fragmented regionally. •

The Mughal Empire 1450 Indian subcontinent controlled by the Delhi Sultanate; fragmented regionally. • Muslim leaders presided over a population that were Hindu = religious frictions 1523 India was attacked by Babur – descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan – founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 – ruled in name until 1858 • Babur was motivated by loss of ancestral home and famous ancestors The Mughal Empire reached its height under Akbar (1556 -1605) Babur’s grandson

The Mughal Empire: Political Characteristics Based power on military might and religious authority. •

The Mughal Empire: Political Characteristics Based power on military might and religious authority. • No navy • Religion required fighting infidels = Hindus but there was tolerance under Akbar – – – – Incorporated Hindu rajas into highest positions Encouraged intermarriages between Mughal and Hindu aristocracy Abolished the jizra (head tax) Ended ban on building new Hindu temples Ordered Muslims to respect cows Built strong military bureaucracy for collecting taxes Cooperation lasted until his great-grandson Aurangzeb (devout Muslim) • Fought over heir to the throne.

The Mughal Empire: Economic and Social Characteristics Economic: • Granted land revenue to military

The Mughal Empire: Economic and Social Characteristics Economic: • Granted land revenue to military elite in return for service. • Commercial networks – cotton, indigo, silk • Trade with Europeans • Mughals had no navy; Indian merchant ships privately owned; Indian cotton Social: Patriarchal society but wives of rulers played key political roles in all three empires: • Suleiman the Magnificent’s favorite wife, Hurrem • Safavid ruler’s wife was murdered by the qizilbash • Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, after her death. Status of women remained low: • Child marriages (brides as young 9) • Sati remained common • Purdah – seclusion; upper class women did not go outside unescorted; veiled

The Mughal Empire: Cultural Characteristics In an attempt to reconcile Muslim and Hindus Akbar

The Mughal Empire: Cultural Characteristics In an attempt to reconcile Muslim and Hindus Akbar invented the “Divine Faith” – combined Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Sikh beliefs. • Nanuk (1469 -1539) – first guru (religious Leader) of Sikhism. Stressed meditation as a means of seeking enlightenment and drew upon both religions. • Aurangzeb ordered the 9 th guru beheaded in 1675. • 10 th guru led an “army of the pure” to challenge the Mughal army. • Sikh rebellions helped to weaken Mughal regime. Patrons of the arts – exquisite miniatures Public buildings – distinctive blend of Persian and Hindu Fatehpur Sikri – Akbar’s entirely new capital. Its Beauty was famous throughout Muslim world.

Islamic Empires Comparisons: • Political • Economic • Social • Cultural Change and Continuity

Islamic Empires Comparisons: • Political • Economic • Social • Cultural Change and Continuity Over Time: • India: Foundations to 1750 Twerkteam 14