Other Tests goals thermal properties electrical properties magnetic

Other Tests goals thermal properties electrical properties magnetic properties thermal properties wear testing summary

Thermal Properties • • • differential thermal analysis (DTA) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) dilatometry, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermal conductivity analysis (TCA) evolved gas analysis (EGA) – mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, residual gas analysis 2

Integrated Thermal Test Station 3

Thermal Analyzer 4

DTA Comparative Traces 5

TGA Trace 6

Dilatometer 7

Sintering Shrinkage Plot 8

Thermal Conductivity 9

Thermal Shock Testing • 10

Electrical Properties • 11

Magnetic Testing 12

Permeability 13

Magnetization Curve 14

Key Reports • • soft versus hard magnet initial permeability saturation magnetization remnant magnetization coercive force total work hysteresis loss 15

Environmental Tests • • • oxidation corrosion biocompatibility tarnish wear all tests are covered by standards 16

Abrasive Wear Test 17

Abrasive Wear Test 18

Archard’s Law • 19

Hardness and Wear 20

Cemented Carbide Compositions 21

Biocompatibility Tests • • • tissue irritation – animal eye cytotoxicity – cell death thrombogenicity – blood clotting systemic toxicity – LD 50 dosage occupational exposure – site specific limits 22

Microstructure Quantification • • • sample selection sample preparation imaging – optical and electrical digital file quantitative evaluations 23

Optical Metallograph, Inverted Stage 24

Reflective Microscopy 25

Example Image 26

Point Count for Volume Fraction old way used manual grid new way uses digital image and pixels 27

Statistical Analysis – Grain Size 28

Grain Contacts 29

Scanning Electron Microscopy 30

SEM Images 31

TEM Image 32

Energy Dispersive Spectra 33

Region 1 Spectra 34

Standards and Specifications • company specific – Intel • industry pooled – Aerospace Materials Standard • national standard – Military Specification, American Society for Testing Materials, Federal Communication Commission, IEEE Standard • international standard – International Standards Organization 35

Accuracy and Precision • accuracy – how close a parameter is to the specified value • precision – repeatability of a measurement • sources – personnel – equipment – procedures 36

Illustrated 37

Example • • • round robin testing composite 7 firms measure UTS CV inside each firm was 6 % additional 2 % variation between firms bottom line 35 trials, 8 % variation beyond inherent material variation • other studies find 12 % variation • test personnel largest factor 38

Example Test Accuracy • • density +/- 1 % hardness +/- 4 % strength +/- 8 % fatigue +/- 10 % fracture toughness +/- 10 % ductility +/- 20 % biocompatibility +/- 20 % 39

Industry Protocol • • • round robin testing exchange materials set procedures set devices cross-calibrate possibly ship test samples and exchange personnel 40

Key Points • • several parameters measured introduce main tests accuracy and precision introduced test results can be variable 41