OSSA MEMBRI PELVINI Hindlimb Bones o Cingulum membri

OSSA MEMBRI PELVINI Hindlimb Bones o Cingulum membri pelvini (Pelvic girdle) Os coxae o Stylopodium Femur + Patella o Zeugopodium Ossa cruris (Tibia-Fibula) o Autopodium Skeleton pedis Basipodium Ossa tarsi Metapodium Ossa metatarsi Acropodium Ossa digitorum pedis Coto

Pelvic Girdle - HIP BONE - Os coxae o The pelvic girdle connects the spine with the hindlimb. It consists of two hip bones. They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly, fused with each other ventraly, and joined with the two femurs at the hip joints. o The hip bone also consists of fusion between 3 main bones; Os ilium Os pubis Os ischii Coto

OS COXAE o Ossa coxarum : , the two hip bones are united ventrally at the symphysis pelvina and ossified with mid-age. o This junction area are subdivided into cranial and caudal parts. (Absent in birds) Symphysis pelvina sym. pubis + sym. ischii Coto

OS COXAE o Acetabulum : Deep socket for the femoral head. It is formed by the fusion of the shafts of three bones. Facies lunata Fossa acetabuli Inc. acetabuli Wide (Car, eq) - Narrow (Ru, su) Coto

OS COXAE o For. obturatum : The large opening at the base of bony pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass. Memb. obturatoria Canalis obturatorius a. v. n. obturatorius Coto

OS COXAE o Spina ischiadica blunt (Car, eq) - Sharp (Ru, su) Inc. ischiadica major et minor Coto

OS COXAE o Os ilium : The largest and most cranial part o Os pubis : Locates craniao-ventral portion o Os ischii : Caudal part of the pelvis Coto

OS ILIUM o Ilium is the most cranial part of the hip bone. It consists of a broad wing and rounded shaft. o Corpus ossis ilii o Ala ossis ilii Coto

OS ILIUM o Corpus ossis ilii o Ala ossis ilii Facies glutea (depressed in Car) linea glutea Facies sacropelvina facies iliaca tuberositas iliaca facies auricularis linea arcuata tub. m. psoas minoris Crista iliaca (convex in Su ve Car) tuber coxae tuber sacrale Coto

OS PUBIS o Corpus ossis pubis o Ramus cranialis ossis pubis o Ramus caudalis ossis pubis *eminentia iliopubica *pecten ossis pubis *tuberculum pubicum dorsale *tuberculum pubicum ventrale Symphysis pubis Coto

OS ISCHII o Corpus ossis ischii o Ramus ossis ischii tabula ossis ischii symphysis ischiadicum tuber ischiadicum one process (Car, su) two projections (eq) three tubercle (Ru) arcus ischiadicus *Solum pelvis osseum* Coto

PELVIS o Pelvis (bony pelvis) consists of two hip bones (os coxae), sacrum and first few caudal vertebras o It encloses the pelvic cavity. It is the section of the body caudal the abdomen. The reproductive organs (sex organs), some parts of urinary system and last part of digestive canal (the rectum) located in this gap o Pelvic inlet (Apertura pelvis cranialis) o Pelvic outlet (Apertura pelvis caudalis) Coto

Diameter of Pelvis o o Diameter conjugata: Median line taken from promontory to the cranial end of sym. pubis Diameter verticalis : Vertical line taken from pubis to pelvic surface of the sacrum inclinatio pelvis o Diameter transversa a- For pelvic inlet *dorsal – between two sides of sacral wings *medial– between two tub. m. psoas minoris *ventral– between two eminentia iliopubica b- For pelvic cavity *cranial– between two inc. ischiadica major *medial– between two spina ischiadica *caudal– between two tuber ischiadicum Coto

FEMUR Thighbone Os femoris o Femur is the most proximal bone of the hindlimb. It is analagous to the humerus of upperarm o It is the longest and strongest bone of the body o It forms hip joint and stifle joint (knee joint) o The Proximal and the distal extremities o The body Coto

Femur : Proximal extremity o The Head (Caput ossis femoris) - Fovea capitis (for the round lig. of femur) o The Neck o The prominences (Trochanters) - Trochanter major et minor - Fossa trochanterica - Crista intertrochanterica Coto

Femur : Body o Trochanter tertius (eq) – distal to the greater trochanter o Facies aspera (labium laterale et mediale) o Facies poplitea o Fossa supracondylaris o Tuberositas supracondylaris (Car, su) Coto

Femur : Distal extremity o Trochlea ossis femoris tub. trochlea ossis femoris (eq) (for locking over the patella) o Condylus lateralis et medialis o Fossa intercondylaris Coto

Fabella – Ossa sesamoidea m. gastrocnemii o Facies articularis sesamoidea lateralis et medialis Coto

Patella – The Kneecap o The largest sesamoid bone in the body o It is soft cartilage in birth, ossified in childhood o It covers and protects the knee joint o It helps the extension of the knee o Basis patella – m. quadriceps femoris attaches o Apex patella – patellar ligament attaches o Facies articularis and Facies cranialis Coto

OSSA CRURIS o Skeleton of the leg, like that of the antebrachium, is formed by two long bones. o Differently from that they can not rotate against one another, remain almost parallel. o Fibula is the lateral bone of the crus. It is more slender o Tibia is the medial bone of the crus. It is stouter Coto

FIBULA – The calfbone o The fibula is located on the lateral side of the tibia, connected with it from above and below o Caput fibulae o Malleolus lateralis (Os malleolare in Ru) - The bone is fully-developed in Man, Su, Car. - The bone is reduced and distal half of it is absent in Equine. - The bone is rudimentary, the body is absent. The proximal end fuses with the tibia and distal end (os malleolare) articulates with the tibia in Ruminant. Coto

TIBIA – The shinbone The Proximal End; o Condylus lateralis et medialis o Eminentia intercondylaris o Tuberculum intercondylare laterale o Tuberculum intercondylare mediale Area intercondylares o Inc. poplitea (for m. popliteus) o Sulcus extensorius (for m. ext. dig. longus) o Facies articularis fibularis o Tuberositas tibiae o Sulcus tuberositatis tibiae (eq) Coto

TIBIA – The shinbone The Distal End; o Cochlea tibiae o Malleolus medialis o Malleolus lateralis (eq) o Incisura fibularis (car) Coto

SKELETON PEDIS o Tarsal bones o Metatarsal bones o Digital bones Coto

OSSA TARSI – The Hock o The series of bones form the skeleton of gambrel consist of three row short bones o Proximal row : Two bones Talus in medial, calcaneus in lateral o Central row : One bone Os tarsi centrale o Distal row : Four bones Os tarsale 1 th, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th Coto

OSSA TARSI TALUS Caput tali Trochlea tali Collum tali CALCANEUS Tuber calcanei Proc. coracoideus Sustentaculum tali Os tarsı centrale os tarsale primum os tarsale secundum Car-Su T C Tc 1 2 3 4 os tarsale tertium Ru Eq T os tarsale quartum C Tc 1+2 3 4 C T Tc + 4 1 2+3 Coto

Formation of the tarsal bones among mammals o Number of the bones in animals ; Generalized pattern is seen in man, pig, car. Man: 7 Car: 7 Su: 7 Ru: 5 Eq: 6 Coto

Talus – The ankle bone o Located on the dorso-medial side of ankle. o Trochlea tali – proximal part articulates with the cochlea of tibia o Collum tali – the intermediate neck part of the bone o Caput tali – distal part of the bone. It is flattened in equine Coto

Calcaneus – The heel bone o Tuber calcanei – large process for the tendon of Achilles o Proc. coracoideus – small process at the cranial end of the bone o Sustentaculum tali – Distal well-developed part for supporting the talus laterally Coto

OSSA METATARSI o Os metatarsalia 1 th– 2 nd – 3 rd – 4 th – 5 th o Longer than the metacarpals. The transvers sections are round shape o In car; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 o In Eq; o In Ru (metacarpal); 2, 3, 4 In Ru (metatarsal); o In Su; 3, 4, 5 2, 3, 4, 5 Coto

Ossa digitorum pedis (Phalanges) o Digiti: Finger (toe) / Phalanx: Finger bone o Number of the finger bones in a foot. Man: 14 / Car: 14 / Su: 12 / Ru: 6 / Eq: 3 Coto

OSSA DIGITORUM PEDIS o Phalanx proximalis o Phalanx media o Phalanx distalis Coto