OSPF Overview A link state protocol that is

OSPF Overview ‣ A link state protocol that is based on open standards ‣ Fast convergence ‣ Supports VLSM/CIDR ‣ Require less network bandwidth ‣ Require more computing power and memory ‣ Use the concept of areas to implement hierarchical routing

Distance Vector vs. Link-State Protocol Examples Distance Vector RIP v 1 and RIP v 2 Link-state Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Characteristics ‣ Copies routing tables to neighbors ‣ Updates frequently Interior Gateway ‣ RIP v 1 / v 2 use hop count as metric Routing Protocol (IGRP) ‣ Views the network from the perspective of the neighbors ‣ Slow to converge ‣ Susceptible to routing loops ‣ Easy to configure and administer ‣ Consumes a lot of bandwidth Intermediate-System to Intermediate-System (IS-IS) ‣ Uses shortest path ‣ Updates are event triggered ‣ Sends link-state packets to all network routers ‣ Has common view of network ‣ Fast to converge ‣ Not as susceptible to routing loops ‣ Harder to configure ‣ Requires more memory and processing power than distance vector ‣ Consumes less bandwidth than distance vector

OSPF Terminology ‣Link — interface on a router ‣Area — a group of routers identified with a unique ID; all routers in the same area share the same link-state database. ‣Cost — the speed of network ‣SPF Algorithm (Dijkstra) — calculated by each router to choose the lowest-cost path ‣link-state — is a link “up” or “down” ‣LSA — a link state advertisement ‣Adjacencies Database — keeps track of all directly connected neighbors ‣Link-State Database — also known as the Topology database; picture of who is connected to what; all routers should have the same L-S DB ‣Forwarding Database — known as the Routing table where the lowestcost paths are installed ‣Designated Router/Backup Designated Router (DR/BDR) — routers that are elected on multiaccess networks to be the focal point for routing updates.

Link and Link State ‣ Link - Interface on a router ‣ Link state - Description of an interface and of its relationship to its neighboring routers, including: – IP address/mask of the interface, – The type of network it is connected to – The routers connected to that network – The metric (cost) of that link ‣ The collection of all the link-states would form a link-state database.

Router ID ‣ Router ID – Used to identify the routers in the OSPF network – IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command (extra) – Highest loopback address (configuration coming) – Highest active IP address (any IP address) ‣ Loopback address has the advantage of never going down, thus diminishing the possibility of having to re-establish adjacencies. (more in a moment)

Area Single Area OSPF uses only one area, usually Area 0 Or “OSPF Routing Domain” ‣ An area is a collection of networks and routers that has the same area identification ‣ Each router within an area has the same link-state information ‣ All routers will be configured in a single area, the convention is to use area 0 ‣ If OSPF has more than one area, it must have an area 0

Cost (Bandwidth) Cisco default interface costs: Cost = 100, 000/Bandwidth ‣ 56 -kbps serial link = 1785 ‣ 64 -kbps serial link = 1562 128 -kbps serial link = 781 ‣ T 1 (1. 544 -Mbps serial link) = 64 ‣ E 1 (2. 048 -Mbps serial link) = 48 ‣ 4 -Mbps Token Ring = 25 ‣ Ethernet = 10 ‣ 16 -Mbps Token Ring = 6 ‣ Fast Ethernet = 1 ‣ Problem: Gigabit Ethernet and faster = 1?

Hello Packets ‣ Each router multicasts hello packets to keep track of the state of the neighbor routers.

OSPF Network Types OSPF interfaces automatically recognize three types of networks show ip ospf interface Network Type Characteristics DR election? Broadcast multiaccess Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI Yes Nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) Frame Relay, X. 25, SMDS Yes Point-to-point PPP, HDLC No Point-to-multipoint Configured by an administrator No

Electing the DR and BDR • On multi-access, broadcast links (Ethernet), a DR and BDR (if there is more than one router) need to be elected. • DR - Designated Router • BDR – Backup Designated Router • DR’s serve as collection points for Link State Advertisements (LSAs) on multiaccess networks • A BDR back ups the DR. • If the IP network is multi-access, the OSPF routers will elect one DR and one BDR ‣ Without a DR, the formation of an adjacency between every attached router would create many unnecessary LSA (Link State Advertisements), n(n-1)/2 adjacencies. ‣ Flooding on the network itself would be chaotic.

OSPF Hello Protocol ‣ OSPF routers send Hellos on OSPF enabled interfaces: –Default every 10 seconds on multi-access and point-to-point segments –Default every 30 seconds on NBMA segments (Frame Relay, X. 25, ATM) –Most cases OSPF Hello packets are sent as multicast to 224. 0. 0. 5 (All OSPF Routers) ‣ Hello. Interval - Cisco default = 10 seconds or 30 seconds and can be changed with the command ip ospf hello-interval. ‣ Router. Dead. Interval - The period in seconds that the router will wait to hear a Hello from a neighbor before declaring the neighbor down. –Cisco uses a default of four-times the Hello. Interval (4 x 10 sec. = 40 seconds, 120 secconds for NBMA) and can be changed with the command ip ospf dead-interval. ‣ Note: For routers to become adjacent, the Hello, Dead. Interval and network types must be identical between routers or Hello packets get dropped!

Steps to OSPF Operation

Steps in the Operation of OSPF Discover neighbors

Shortest-Path First (Dijkstra) Algorithm Start

Shortest-Path First (Dijkstra) Algorithm

Steps in the Operation of OSPF Elect DR and BDR on Multi Access Network

Steps in the Operation of OSPF Selecting the Best Route

Networking Scheme Taipei/3620 192. 168. 12. 0/26 S 1/0. 129 E 0/0. 1 S 1/2. 133 S 1/1. 137 WAN 1 192. 168. 128/30 S 1/. 130 F 0/. 97 Taichung/1721 192. 168. 12. 96/28 WAN 2 192. 168. 12. 132/30 WAN 3 192. 168. 12. 136/30 S 1/. 138 F 0/. 113 Tainan/1721 192. 168. 12. 112/28 S 1/. 134 F 0/. 65 Kaohsiung/1721 192. 168. 12. 64/27

Enabling OSPF Rtr(config)# router ospf process-id ‣ process-id: 1 - 65, 535 ‣ Cisco feature, which allows you to run multiple, different OSPF routing processes on the same router. (But don’t!) ‣ Process-id is locally significant, and does not have to be the same number on other routers (they don’t care). ‣ This is different than the process-id used for IGRP and EIGRP which must be the same on all routers sharing routing information. ‣ Extra: FYI - Cisco IOS limits the number of dynamic routing processes to 30. This is because it limits the number of protocol descriptors to 32, using one for connected route sources, one for static route sources, and 30 for dynamic route sources.

Configuring the Network Command Rtr(config)# router ospf process-id Rtr(config-router)#network address wildcard-mask area-id ‣ Tells OSPF which interfaces to enable OSPF on (send and receive updates), matching the address and wildcard mask. ‣ Also, tells OSPF to include this network in its routing updates ‣ Wildcard is necessary because OSPF supports CIDR and VLSM ‣ Most of the time you can just use an inverse-mask (like access-lists) as the network wildcard mask. Rtr(config-if)#ip address 10. 5. 1. 1 255. 0 Rtr(config)# router ospf 10 Rtr(config-router)#network 10. 5. 1. 0 0. 0. 0. 255 area 0

Configuring a Loopback Address (loopback interface) Rtr(config)# interface loopback 0 Rtr(config-if)# ip add 10. 1. 1. 1 255 Host mask ‣ Automatically are “up” and “up” ‣ Very useful in setting Router IDs as they never go down. ‣ Router. ID is used to identify the routers in the OSPF network – IP address configured with the Router-ID command (extra) – Highest loopback address – Highest active IP address ‣ Important for DR/BDR elections unless you use the ip ospf priority command (next) ‣ Extra: Also, useful to configure “virtual” networks that you can ping and route as if they were attached networks.

Setting OSPF Priority The priorities can be set to any value from 0 to 255. A value of 0 prevents that router from being elected. A router with the highest OSPF priority will win the election for DR.

Modifying OSPF Cost Metric

Configuring OSPF Authentication Router(config-if)# ip ospf authentication-key password Router(config-router)# area-number authentication

Configuring OSPF Timers

OSPF - Propagating a Default Router(config)# ip route 0. 0 [interface | next-hop address ] Router(config-router)# default-information originate

OSPF Configuration Commands - Review Required Commands: Rtr(config)# router ospf process-id Rtr(config-router)#network address wildcard-mask area-id Optional Commands: Rtr(config-router)# default-information originate (Send default) Rtr(config-router)# area authentication (Plain authen. ) Rtr(config-router)# area authentication message-digest (md 5 authen. ) Rtr(config)# interface loopback number (Configure lo as Rtr. ID) Rtr(config)# interface type slot/port Rtr(config-if)# ip ospf priority <0 -255> (DR/BDR election) Rtr(config-if)# bandwidth kbps (Modify default bandwdth) RTB(config-if)# ip ospf cost (Modify inter. cost) Rtr(config-if)# ip ospf hello-interval seconds (Modify Hello) Rtr(config-if)# ip ospf dead-interval seconds (Modify Dead) Rtr(config-if)# ip ospf authentication-key passwd (Plain/md 5 authen) Rtr(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key key-id md 5 password

OSPF Show Commands - Review Router# Router# show ip route show ip ospf interface show ip ospf neighbor show ip ospf database (topological database) debug ip ospf adj (Report OSPF adjacency events) debug ip ospf events (Report all OSPF events)