Oslo Norway Latitude 59 54 36 N Longitude

Oslo, Norway Latitude: 59° 54' 36" N Longitude: / 10° 45' 00" E

Parameters: +/- 10 degrees for 30% of the year Wind from South East (summer) Wind from North (All other seasons) No significant rainfall Response: Winter Block Northern winds Solar gain from the South Thermal mass heat gain Small surface area Summer Opening from South East for summer winds No heat gain No cross ventilation Spring/ Fall Solar gain from the South Block winds Thermal mass

SIMPLE VOLUME ACTIVE SKIN COMPLEX VOLUME SIMPLE SKIN Office lower than lab for maximum heat gain (South) Core blocks summer sun (West) Glass South façade for both office and lab (heat gain) Solid North façade to block Northern winds Height of office shades parking East Elevation Cores and Lab block Northern winds Low offices for heat gain to all areas Offices face south for maximum heat gain Thermal mas entry for the lab (facing south) South open for summer winds and heat gain for parked cars

Beijing, China Latitude: 39° 55' 44" N Longitude: 116° 23' 18" E

PARAMETERS - LARGE FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE THROUGH DIFFERENT SEASONS NO PRIMARY WIND DIRECTION NO SIGNIFICANT RAINFALL HOT, HUMID SUMMER MONTHS DRY, COLD WINTER MONTHS RESPONSES SUMMER: - BLOCK SUNLIGHT FROM ENTERING BUILDING SHADING OF PEDESTRIAN SURFACES UTILIZE STACK VENTILATION TO MOVE AIR THROUGH BUILDING WINTER: - HEAT GAIN THROUGH LARGE SUNLIGHTS PLACE CORES TO BLOCK HARSH WIND FROM CIRCULATION

Complex Structure/Simple Skin Simple Structure/Active Skin - Elevated Research Facility provides natural shading for parking area as well as walkway to entrance - Cores placed to block wind and morning sunlight from entry/main space - Stacked structures allow for stack ventilation - Lowered office spaced allow cooler air to be retained - Reflective material prevents heat gain through roof during the day - South-facing large glass to increase passive solar gain during winter - Overhanging roof blocks direct sun during summer, but allows the rays to penetrate during colder months - Double façade acts as a buffer to increase thermal performance against varying conditions

Radiation Stack Ventilation Summer Sun Winter Sun

Nairobi, Kenya Latitude: 1° 16' S Longitude: 36° 48' E

PARAMETERS: -WIND FROM East (SUMMER) -MIX WIND FROM EAST/WEST (ALL OTHER SEASONS) -NO SIGNIFICANT RAINFALL RESPONSE: WINTER -HEAT GAIN THROUGH SUN -THERMAL MASSING TO STORE IN DAY/ RELEASE HEAT IN NIGHT SUMMER -NO HEAT GAIN – SHADING OF SURFACES, OPENING WALLS FOR CROSS VENTILATION -THERMAL MASS VENTILATED AT NIGHT -COLUMNS FOR CROSS VENTILATION AND COOLING SG/FA -NO HEAT GAIN -THERMAL MASS TO HEAT AT NIGHT -CROSS VENTILATION -NATURAL VENTILATION

SIMPLE VOLUME ACTIVE SKIN -OVERHANG PROTECTS SOUTH FAÇADE FROM SUN -OPPERABLE OPENING WALLS FOR CROSS VENTILATION -RAISED WITH COLUMNS FOR PASSIVE COOLING -THERMAL MASSING FOR OFFICES -PARKING LOCATED ON NW SIDE UNDER RESEARCH SHADED COMPLEX VOLUME SIMPLE SKIN -THICK WALLS FOR THERMAL MASSING ON ALL SIDES OF FACADE -OFFICES ON E AND W FOR LITTLE SUN -REASERCH CENTER RAISED TO PROMOTE X-VENT -HIGH WINDOWS ON E AND W PRODUCING NATURAL LIGHT FOR RESEARCH -MORE HEAT LOSS AT NIGHT PREVENTED BY THICK WALLS

Miami Climate: Hot and Humid • Large Amount of Precipitation • High Temperatures • Prevailing Winds from the South East.

PARAMETERS: +/- 20 DEGREES FOR 75% OF THE YEAR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE: 98 DEGREES (AUGUST) MINIMUM TEMPERATURE: 37 DEGREES (DECEMBER) WIND FROM NORTH, SOUTHWEST (SUMMER) WIND FROM NORTH (ALL OTHER SEASONS)

MAXIMUM RAINFALL: 80 mm (DECEMBER) MINIMUM RAINFALL: 6 mm (JULY, AUGUST) RESPONSE: WINTER HEAT GAIN THROUGH SUN THERMAL MASS TO STORE /RELEASE HEAT BLOCK DOMINANT WIND (COLD) SUMMER NO HEAT GAIN – SHADING OF SURFACES TREES, OPENINGS THERMAL MASS VENTILATED ALL DAY CROSS VENTILATION FOR COOLING SG/FA NO HEAT GAIN CROSS VENTILATION ALL SEASONS COOLING ADD DEHUMIDFICATION

SIMPLE VOLUME ACTIVE SKIN DOUBLE FACADE TO EAST AND NORTH ELEVATION HUNG LOUVERS TO NORTH FACADE PREVENT HEAT GAIN EXTERNAL SHADING ELEMENT COVERS PARKING THE OVERHANG AND THE TREES PREVENT THE SUMMER SUN

COMPLEX VOLUME SIMPLE SKIN OVAL SHAPE OF THE BUILDIND: PREVENTION FROM WINTER WIND OPENINGS ON THE TOP AND THE BOTTOM FOR CROSS VENTILATION THE OVERHANG BLOCKS THE SUMMER SUN

Simple Volume Active Skin

Darwin, Australia Latitude: 12° 25’ 48” S Longitude: 130° 51’ 00” E Monsoonal Tropical Climate

Climatic Settings About Darwin, Australia Abundance Amount of Rainfall High and Humid Temperatures

Climatic Settings

Climatic Settings S E W N Solar Path on December 21, 2011 N E W S Solar Path on June 21, 2011

Complex Volume, Simple Skin Research Space Office

Climatic Responses N

PARAMETERS: - TEMPERATURE - DEC – MAR ARE WITHIN COMFORT ZONE, BUT APR NOV ARE BELOW COMFORT ZONE (AROUND 10 DEGREES F BELOW) - WIND VELOCITY - ALL MONTHS ARE BELOW 10 MPH EXCEPT FEB. - WIND MOSTLY FROM SE ALL YEAR ROUND - HUMIDITY - HIGH HUMIDITY ALL YEAR ROUND (OVER 70%) MOSTLY FROM SE, (MIGHT'VE BEEN CARRIED FROM THE OCEAN AND THE WIND) RESPONSE: • WINTER: THERMAL MASS INTERNAL HEAT GAIN • SUMMER: SUN SHADING OF WINDOWS. NATURAL VENTILATION COOLING. • SG/FA: NO WIND PROTECTING FOR OUTDOOR SPACES

• BUILDING IS POSITION ON SITE TO RECEIVE ALL NW AND SE WINDS FOR CROSS VENTILATION. • A SEPERATED FLAT AND SLOPED ROOF FOR CROSS VENTILATION REDUCING SOLAR GAIN. • INTERIOR/ EXTERIOR POOL FOR AIR CIRCULATION/ NATURAL AIR COOLENT • NW WALL IS THICK FOR THERMAL MASS TO BLOCK OUT HEAT DURING THE DAY AND RELEASE HEAT AT NIGHT. • SHADED AREA FOR PARKING

OFFICES PARKING RESEARCH CORES

Bangor, Maine Latitude: 44. 8° N Longitude: 8. 9° W

Factors • Cold Wind During Most Months • Low Temperatures • Snow fall

Response • • • Thermal Mass Windows Facing The Sun For Solar Gain Large Surface Area to Assist With Solar Gain Masonry walls for Thermal Mass High Pitched Roofs To Protect From Snow/Rain

Sun Angle July Noon Sun Angle 44 February Noon Sun Angle 8