OSI LOGO v OSI NETWORK PROGRAMMING 3 prepared
- Slides: 94
OSI 모델 - 데이터의 교환 LOGO v OSI 모델을 이용한 교환 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 3 prepared by Choon Woo Kwon
TCP/IP 모델 – OSI 모델과의 대응 LOGO v TCP/IP 모델 OSI 모델 NETWORK PROGRAMMING TCP/IP 모델 7 prepared by Choon Woo Kwon
TCP/IP 모델 LOGO v TCP/IP와 OSI 모델 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 8 prepared by Choon Woo Kwon
인터넷 주소 - TCP/IP 주소 LOGO v TCP/IP에서 사용하는 주소 TCP/IP 주소 (TCP/IP Addresses) 물리주소 (Physical Address) NETWORK PROGRAMMING IP주소 (IP Address) 포트주소 (Port Address)
TCP/IP 주소 – 물리주소, IP주소, Port 주소 § 물리 주소 : LOGO MAC(Media Access Control) 주소, Ethernet 주소, HW 주소 • NIC(Network Interface Card)에 부여된 고유 식별자(unique identifier) 주소 • Ethernet NIC의 물리주소 : 6 Bytes(48 bits) • 유니캐스트(unicast), 멀티캐스트(multicast), 브로드캐스트(broadcast) § IP 주소 • 인터넷에 연결된 호스트 식별 • IPv 4 : 4 Bytes(32 bits), IPv 6 : 16 Bytes(128 bits) (예) 203. 249. 30, 168. 126. 63. 1, 2001: 0 db 8: 0000: ff 00: 0042: 8329 • 유니캐스트, 멀티캐스트, 브로드캐스트 § Port 주소 • 프로세스/응용프로그램을 식별하는 주소 • TCP/UDP : 2 Bytes(16 bits) NETWORK PROGRAMMING
인터넷 주소 - TCP/IP 주소 LOGO v TCP/IP에서 주소와 계층간의 관계 OSI TCP/IP Application 계층 Processes/Applications Transport 계층 Network 계층 Data link 계층 Physical 계층 NETWORK PROGRAMMING TCP UDP Address (주소) Port address ICMP/IGMP/ARP/RARP IP address Underlying physical network Physical address IP (하위 물리 네트워크)
인터넷 주소 : HW 주소, IP 주소, Port 주소 NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
Ethernet(이더넷) LOGO v History § Xerox PARC(Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated) 개발 (1973 -1975) § Ethernet 표준화 : Xerox, DEC, Intel 3사 공동 연구 • DIX(DEC/Intel/Xerox) 표준 : 10 Mbps, 48 -bit address • published by IEEE(1980/9/30) § CSMA/CD(carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) § 3 Com : 최초 10 Mbit/s Ethernet Adapter 개발(1981년) § Thick Ethernet ⇒ Thinnet Ethernet ⇒ Twisted-pair Ethernet NETWORK PROGRAMMING 15
Ethernet(이더넷) LOGO § Thick Ethernet : 초기 Ethernet 기술 • 동축케이블 : 지름 ½”, 10 BASE 5(10 Mbps, baseband, 500 m까지) • Transceiver : MAU(Medium Attachment Units) • AUI(Attachment Unit Interface) : D-connector(15 pin) NETWORK PROGRAMMING 16
Ethernet(계속) LOGO v Twisted Pair Ethernet : 10 Base-T § UTP(unshielded Twisted-Pair) 케이블 이용 • Ethernet RJ 45 connector • UTP Category : 주로 cat 5/5 e/6 cable 사용 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 20
Ethernet(계속) LOGO v Ethernet Hardware Addresses § 48 -bit addressing scheme • 이더넷 망에 접속된 각 컴퓨터 : 고유 48 -bit 번호 할당 • 이더넷 주소 : Hardware Address, Physical Address • 이더넷 H/W Vendor : 이더넷 주소의 Block을 IEEE로 부터 구입, 자기들이 제조한 Ethernet Interface H/W에 제조 년월일 순서로 할당 § 3가지 형태 주소 • Unicast address • Multicast address • Broadcast address : all 1 s ü 모든 스테이션에 동시 전송하는데 사용 ü multicast address를 수락한 망 내의 일부 컴퓨터들에만 전송 ü 브로드캐스트 주소의 제한된 형태를 제공 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 22
Ethernet(계속) LOGO v CSMA/CD 매체접근방법에서의 충돌 (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) NETWORK PROGRAMMING 24
Ethernet(계속) LOGO v 프레임 필드 § Preamble & SFD(Start-of-Frame-Delimiter) • • Preamble : 수신측에 프레임 도착을 통지 SFD : 프레임 시작을 알림 시스템 타이머(timer) 동기 맞춤(synchronization) 8 octets : 7 octets (‘ 0101’) + 1 octet (‘ 11010101’) ⇒ ‘ 01010101 ∙∙∙∙ 11010101’(8 octets) ü Preamble : 15 nibbles of ‘ 0101’ ü SFD : 1 nibble of ‘ 1101’ ü 마지막 octet 경우 low 4 -bit nibble(‘ 0101’) 먼저 전송된 후 high 4 -bit nibble이 전송됨 § Destination/Source address : 수신지/발생지 물리주소 § Type : 프레임에 포함된 데이터의 유형 지정 • IPv 4(0 x 0800), IPv 6(0 x 86 DD), ARP(0 x 0806), RARP(0 x 8035) § Data : 상위층으로부터 받은 데이터(46~1, 500바이트) § CRC(Cyclic redundancy check) : 오류 검출 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 26
주소 해결 문제(계속) LOGO v ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) v RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) NETWORK PROGRAMMING 27
ARP 동작 (계속) NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO 31
ARP 동작 (계속) LOGO v Hardware type : 네트워크 유형 정의(이더넷 : 1) v Protocol type : 프로토콜 정의(IPv 4 : 080016) v Hardware length : 물리 주소의 바이트 단위 길이 v Protocol length : 논리 주소의 바이트 단위 길이 v Operation : 패킷 유형-ARP 요청(1), ARP 응답(2) v Sender hardware address : 송신자 물리 주소 v Sender protocol address : 송신자 논리 주소 v Target hardware address : 타겟 물리 주소 v Target protocol address : 타겟 논리 주소 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 35
ARP 동작 (계속) LOGO v 캡슐화(Encapsulation) § ARP 패킷의 캡슐화 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 36
ARP 구현 예시 LOGO Hardware type Hardware length Protocol type Protocol length Sender hardware address Sender protocol address Target hardware address Target protocol address NETWORK PROGRAMMING 39 Operation
프로토콜 동작의 이해 : TCP/IP (복습) NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
인터넷 주소(IPv 4) LOGO § 4 바이트(32 bit)로 구성 § netid와 hostid로 구분 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 41
10진 표기법(IPv 4) LOGO § 보다 편리하고 읽기 쉽게 하기 위해 사용 § IPv 4 • 표기법 : dotted decimal notation • : human-readable notation § IPv 6 • 표기법 : colon hexadecimal notation ü 예 2001: db 8: 0: 1234: 0: 567: 1: 1 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 42
IP 주소 클래스(class) NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO 43
IP 주소 클래스(계속) LOGO v 각 클래스의 네트워크 수와 호스트 수 Class Number of Networks Number of Hosts A 27 - 2 = 126 224 – 2 = 16, 777, 214 B 214 = 16, 384 216 – 2 = 65, 534 C 221 = 2, 097, 152 28 – 2 = 254 D Not applicable E Not applicable NETWORK PROGRAMMING 50
특수 주소 LOGO Special Address Netid Hostid Source or Destination Network address Specific All 0 s None Direct broadcast address Specific All 1 s Destination Limited broadcast address All 1 s Destination This host on this network All 0 s Source Specific host on this network All 0 s Specific Destination Loopback address 127 Any Destination NETWORK PROGRAMMING 52
특수 주소 LOGO v 루프백 주소 예 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 62
IP 데이터그램(datagram) v IP 데이터그램(datagram): IP 계층 패킷 NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
단편화(계속) v MTU(Maximum Transfer Unit) NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
단편화(계속) LOGO v 서로 다른 네트워크의 MTU Protocol Hyperchannel Token Ring (16 Mbps) Token Ring (4 Mbps) FDD Ethernet X. 25 PPP NETWORK PROGRAMMING MTU 65, 535 17, 914 4, 464 14, 352 1, 500 576 296
프로토콜 포트(Protocol Port) LOGO v Multitasking 시스템 § process, task, application program, user level process v 주어진 한 호스트 내에서 여러 목적지를 구별하 는 메카니즘이 필요 : 역다중화 NETWORK PROGRAMMING
UDP 개요(계속) NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
프로세스-대-프로세스 통신 NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
프로세스-대-프로세스 통신(계속) v IANA 범위 § 잘 알려진 포트 : 0 ~ 1, 023 § 등록된 포트(registered port) : 1, 024 ~ 49, 151 § 동적 포트(dynamic port) : 49, 152 ~ 65, 535 NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
프로세스-대-프로세스 통신(계속) v UDP에 의해 사용되는 잘 알려진 포트 Port Protocol Description 7 Echoes a received datagram back to the sender 9 Discards any datagram that is received 11 Users Active users 13 Daytime Returns the date and the time 17 Quote Returns a quote of the day 19 Chargen Returns a string of characters 53 Nameserver Domain Name Service 67 Bootps Server port to download bootstrap information 68 Bootpc Client port to download bootstrap information 69 TFTP Trivial File transfer Protocol 111 RPC Remote Procedure Call 123 NTP Network Time Protocol 161 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol 162 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol(trap) NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
사용자 데이터그램 § UDP 메시지 형식 NETWORK PROGRAMMING LOGO
LOGO 컴퓨터네트워크 (Computer Network) 감사합니다 NETWORK PROGRAMMING 94 prepared by Choon Woo Kwon
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