OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M Safety Standards

OSHA 29 CFR 1926 - Subpart M Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry Effective: February 6, 1995 BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Total Construction Fatalities 1985 -1993 Shock 17% Struck By 22% Other 10% Caught In/Between 18% BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Falls From Elevation 33%

Falls From Elevation - Breakdown Suspended Platform/ Vehicle 3% Aerial Lift Basket 3% Floor Opening 7% BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Open Sided Floor 4% Scaffold 17% Ladder 8% Concrete Erection 3% Other 16% Steel Erection 10% Roof 27%

Number of Construction Fatalities Due to Falls 1985 -1993 BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Analysis of Heights For Construction Fatalities Caused by Falls 1985 -1993 BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Construction Activity % of Total Fatalities 1985 - 1993 Painting, Paper Hanging and Decorations - 63% Plumbing, Heating and Air Conditioning - 31% Heavy Construction, except Highway & Street - 15% Highway and Street, except Elevated Highways - 2% Building Construction - Nonresidential - 50% Building Construction - Residential - 29% BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Construction Activity (Cont’d) % of Total Fatalities 1985 - 1993 Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors 47% Concrete Work 30% Roofing, Siding and Sheet-Metal Work 73% Masonry, Stonework, Tile Setting and Plastering 62% Carpentry and Floorwork 63% Electrical Work 24% BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 500(a)(1) Scope and Application BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Who’s Affected by Subpart M? EVERYONE EXCEPT: n Employees making an inspection. n Employees working on scaffolds. (Subpart L) n Employees working on stairways and ladders. (Subpart X) n Employees working on equipment used in tunneling operations. (Subpart S) BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Who’s Affected by Subpart M? EVERYONE EXCEPT: n Employees engaged in the construction of electric transmission, distribution lines, and equipment. (Subpart V) n Employees working on cranes and derricks. (Subpart N) n Employees performing steel erection work in buildings. (Subpart R) BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 500(b) Definitions BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(1) Unprotected Sides and Edges BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(2) Leading Edges BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Exception: When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Definition Infeasible - means that it is impossible to perform the construction work using a conventional fall protection system (i. e. , guardrail system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system) or that it is technologically impossible to use any of these systems to provide fall protection. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(3) Hoist Areas BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(4) Holes BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(5) Formwork and Reinforcing Steel BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(6) Ramps, Runways, and Other Walkways BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(7) Excavations BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(8) Dangerous Equipment BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(9) Overhand Bricklaying and Related Work BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(10) Roofing Work On Low -Slope Roofs BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(11) Steep Roofs BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(12) Precast Concrete Erection BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Exception: When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(13) Residential Construction BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Exception: When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(14) Wall Openings BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(b)(15) Walking/Working Surfaces Not Otherwise Addressed BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(c)(1) Protection From Falling Objects n Erect toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems to prevent objects from falling. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 501(c)(2) Protection From Falling Objects n Canopy BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Structure n Barricade

1926. 502(b) Guardrail Systems BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502 (b)(1), (2) &(14) n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Top edge height shall be 42” +/3” from walking/working level, and able to withstand 200 lbs. of force. Midrails shall be installed at a height midway between top edge and walking/working level, and able to withstand 150 lbs. of force.

1926. 502(b)(9) Guardrail Systems n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Top rails and midrails shall be at least 1/4 inch nominal diameter. Top rail shall be flagged at not more than 6 -foot intervals with high-visibility material.

1926. 502 (b)(13) n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Guardrails at points of access shall be provided with gates or offset to that a person cannot walk directly into the hole.

1926. 502(c) Safety Net Systems BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(c)(1) Safety Net Systems n Install as close as practicable under the walking/working surface on which employees are working, but in no case more than 30 feet below such level. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(c)(2) Safety Net Systems Net Extension BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene < 5 feet 8 feet > 5 feet and <10 feet >10 feet 13 feet

1926. 502(c)(3) Safety Net Systems n Install with sufficient clearance to prevent contact with any surfaces or structures below. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(c)(4) Safety Net Systems When the employer can demonstrate that a drop test is unreasonable, the employer shall certify that the net and installation can meet an impact force equivalent to the impact forces of a drop test. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Definition Competent Person - means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(c)(5)&(6) Safety Net Systems n Inspect nets weekly for wear, damage, and other deterioration. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene n Remove any materials, scrap, equipment, and tools, that have fallen into net.

1926. 501(c)(7) Safety Net Systems BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene n Maximum mesh opening shall not exceed 36 sq. inches nor longer than 6 inches on any side. n Mesh crossings shall be secured to prevent enlargement of mesh opening.

1926. 501(c)(8)&(9) Safety Net Systems n n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Minimum breaking strength for border rope webbing is 5, 000 lbs. Connections shall be as strong as net components. Connections shall be spaced not more than 6 inches apart.

1926. 502(d) Personal Fall Arrest Systems BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(d) Personal Fall Arrest Systems Connector means a device which is used to couple (connect) parts of the personal fall arrest system and positioning device systems together. It may be an independent component of the system, such as a carabiner, or it may be an integral component of part of the system (such as a buckle or dee-ring sewn into a body belt or body harness, or a snap-hook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard. ) BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(d)(8) Personal Fall Arrest Systems n Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used, under the supervision of a qualified person, as part of a complete personal fall arrest system, which maintains a safety factor of at least two. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Definition - from 1926. 32(l) Qualified Person - means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(d) Personal Fall Arrest Systems Rope Grab means a deceleration device which travels on a lifeline and automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks so as to arrest the fall of an employee. n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Lanyards and vertical lifelines shall have a minimum breaking strength of 5, 000 lbs. Each employee shall be attached to a separate lifeline.

1926. 502(d)(12) Personal Fall Arrest Systems Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard means a deceleration device containing a drum-wound line which can be slowly extracted from, or retracted onto, the drum under slight tension during the normal employee movement, and which, after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(d)(12) & (15) Anchorage n n Limit free fall distance to 2 ft. or less and able to sustain a 3, 000 lb. min. tensile load. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Capable of supporting at least 5, 000 lbs. per employee attached.

* t = (2 h/g) or : . 5 How Long Does It Take To Fall? Height (feet) Time (seconds) 4 0. 5 16 1. 0 36 1. 5 64 2. 0 100 2. 5 144 3. 0 256 4. 0 576 6. 0 2 Constant of 32. 2 ft/s * gh == Gravitational Height of Fall in feet t = Time of Fall in seconds BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Velocity . 5 v = (2 gh) BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene v = Velocity, assuming no initial velocity g = Gravitational 2 Constant of 32. 2 ft/s h = Height of fall in feet

Momentum Of Fall M = Momentum in footpounds/second M = mv m = Mass in pounds v = Velocity, assuming no initial velocity BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

$Skull Fracture A skull would fracture at approximately 50 footpounds/second. The velocity of a$

Skull Fracture A skull would fracture at approximately 50 footpounds/second. The velocity of a fracture is expressed in the equation: 2 Eg v= m 50 x 2 x 32. 2 = 16. 3 ft/sec BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene E = Kinetic Energy g = Gravitational Constant m = Weight of an average human head

Peak Fall Arresting Forces - Forces Generated by 220 lbs Steel Weight Free-Falling 6 ft Force in lbs. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Determining Minimum Anchorage Point Height n n n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene C = Clearance H = Anchor Point Height L = Distance Between Anchorage Point and D-Ring S = Deceleration Distance 5’ = Harness D-Ring Height Free Fall = 5’ + L - H = 6’ max. OSHA Clearance = 5’ + L - H + S = 9. 5’ Minimum Clearance where S = 3. 5’ max. OSHA

1926. 502(d)(16) & (17) Harnesses n n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Limit maximum arresting force to 1, 800 pounds. Rigged so that an employee cannot free fall more than 6 feet. Attachment point located in center of back near shoulder level.

1926. 502(e) Positioning Device Systems BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(f) Warning Line Systems BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Warning-Line System n n Erected around all sides of roof work area. 6 feet from edge - 10 feet when using mechanical equipment. Two warning lines at points of access, material handling, storage, and hoisting areas. Rope, wire, or chain flagged at not more than 6 -foot intervals with high visibility material. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Warning-Line System n n The rope, wire or chain shall be rigged or supported so that it’s lowest point is no less than 34 inches and the highest point is no more than 39 inches from the walking/working surface. Stanchions shall be capable of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds applied horizontally against the stanchion 30 inches from the walking/working surface. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Warning-Line System n n n The rope, wire or chain shall have a minimum tensile strength of 500 pounds. The line shall be attached so that pulling on one section of the line will not result in slack being taken up in adjacent sections. Employees are not permitted between the roof edge and warning line unless performing roofing work in that area. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(g) Controlled Access Zones BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(g)(1) Controlled Access Zones - Leading Edge n n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Extends parallel along the unprotected or leading edge. Control line connected to guardrail system or wall. Line situated not less than 6 feet nor more than 25 feet from edge.

1926. 502(g)(1) Controlled Access Zones - Leading Edge (cont’d) n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Consists of ropes, wires, and tape with a minimum breaking strength of 200 lbs. and is marked with high visibility materials at not more than 6 foot intervals. Stanchions rigged so that the lowest point is not less than 39 inches nor more than 45 inches.

1926. 502(g)(1) Controlled Access Zones - Precast Concrete n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Control line erected not less than 6 feet nor more than 60 feet, or half the length of the member being erected, whichever is less, from the leading edge.

1926. 502(g)(1) Controlled Access Zones - Overhand Bricklaying n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Lines erected not less than 10 ft. nor more than 15 ft. from the working edge. Lines extended to enclose all employees performing overhand bricklaying and related work. Lines erected at each end to enclose zone. Only employees engaged in work permitted in zone.

1926. 502(h) Safety Monitoring Systems BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Safety-Monitoring System n n n Competent person to monitor Warns employees nearing hazard On same walking/working surface Within visual Contact Able to communicate orally with workers No mechanical equipment used or stored in safety-monitoring system area A shout may be the last thing a worker hears as he or she hurtles to the ground. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(i) Covers BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502 (i) Covers BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502 (i) Covers n n Capable of supporting twice the maximum axle load. Capable of supporting twice employee, equipment, and material weight. Secured to prevent accidental displacement. Color coded or marked with the word “HOLE” or “COVER”. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(j) Protection From Falling Objects BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(j)(1), (2) & (3) Toeboards n n n Erected a sufficient distance to protect employees below. Able to withstand a force of 50 lbs. outward and downward. Minimum height of 3 and 1/2 inches with no more than 1/4 inch gap at walking/working surface. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(j)(5) & (6) Guardrail System n n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Erect paneling or screening when material exceeds guardrail system’s top rail. No materials or equipment stored within 4 feet of working edge.

1926. 502(j)(8) Canopies n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Canopies used for falling object protection shall be strong enough to support and prevent penetration by any objects which might fall into canopy.

1926. 502(k) Fall Protection Plan Available for employees engaged in leading edge work, precast concrete erection work, or residential construction work only. n Up to date, site specific plan prepared by qualified person, with a copy maintained at the job site. n Changes to plan must be approved by qualified person. n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Definition - from 1926. 32(m) Qualified Person - a person who has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(k) Fall Protection Plan (Cont’d) Plan must document reasons why conventional fall protection systems are infeasible or would create a greater hazard. n Documentation of other measures taken to reduce or eliminate fall hazards for workers not using conventional fall protection. n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(k) Fall Protection Plan (Cont’d) Plan must identify each location where conventional methods cannot be used, and locations must be classified as controlled access zones. n When alternative measures have not been implemented, a safety monitoring system shall be used. n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 502(k) Fall Protection Plan (Cont’d) Plan must state name or identify employees who are designated to work in controlled access zones. n If an employee falls, or some other related serious incident occurs, the employer must investigate the circumstances of the fall or incident, and determine if the fall protection plan needs to be changed to prevent recurrence. n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

1926. 503 Training Requirements n n n The nature of falls in the work area. The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection system in use. The use and operation of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net systems, warning line systems, controlled access zones, and other protection to be used. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene Certificate of Training John Doe has successfully completed all the training provisions of fall protection for ABC Roofing Company on this date February 6, 1995 Tony Maroni, President Noah Falls, Safety Director

1926. 503 Training Requirements The role of each employee when a Certificate of Training safety-monitoring system is used. John Doe has successfully completed all the training provisions of fall protection n Limitations of mechanical for ABC Roofing Company on this date February 6, 1995 equipment during roofing work on Tony Maroni, President low-sloped roofs. Noah Falls, Safety Director n Correct procedures for the use, handling and storage of equipment and materials. n The employees role in fall protection plans. n BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Appendix A to Subpart M Determining Roof Widths Example B - Sloped Rectangular Shaped Roofs Example A - Rectangular Shaped Roofs BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Appendix A to Subpart M Determining Roof Widths Example C - Irregularly Shaped Roofs With Rectangular Shaped Sections BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Appendix A to Subpart M Determining Roof Widths (Cont’d) Example D - Separate Non. Contiguous Roof Areas BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Appendix A to Subpart M Determining Roof Widths (Cont’d) Example E - Roofs With Penthouses, Open Courtyards, Additional Floors, etc. BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene

Appendix A to Subpart M Determining Roof Widths (Cont’d) Example F - Irregular, Non-Rectangular Shaped Roofs BWC Division of Safety & Hygiene