Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity Eukaryotic Tree Characteristics l

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Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity

Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity

Eukaryotic Tree

Eukaryotic Tree

Characteristics l l Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes (80 s) Usually unicellular – some colonial

Characteristics l l Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes (80 s) Usually unicellular – some colonial – some multicellular l l l Protozoa – ingestive Algae – autotrophic Fungus-like – absorptive

Origin of Eukaryotes l l Autogeneous Endosymbiotic

Origin of Eukaryotes l l Autogeneous Endosymbiotic

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Phylogeny of Eukarya

Phylogeny of Eukarya

Classific ation

Classific ation

Supergroup: Excavata l l l Cytoskeleton features Excavated groove (some) Modified mitochondria

Supergroup: Excavata l l l Cytoskeleton features Excavated groove (some) Modified mitochondria

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Diplomonads ex. Giardia (lack plastids, lack functional etc in mitochondria

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Diplomonads ex. Giardia (lack plastids, lack functional etc in mitochondria (mitostomes), two haploid nuclei, flagella)

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Parabasala ex. Trichimonas (lack plastids, reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes, undulating membranes

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Parabasala ex. Trichimonas (lack plastids, reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes, undulating membranes and flagella)

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Euglenozoans l l Move by flagella with spiral or crysalline

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Euglenozoans l l Move by flagella with spiral or crysalline rod Disc-shaped Cristae

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 3: Clade 2: Euglenozoans Kinetoplastids ex. Trypanosoma (single large mitochondria with

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 3: Clade 2: Euglenozoans Kinetoplastids ex. Trypanosoma (single large mitochondria with kinetoplast)

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Euglenozoans Clade 3: Euglenids ex. Euglena (anterior pocket with flagella)

Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2: Euglenozoans Clade 3: Euglenids ex. Euglena (anterior pocket with flagella)

Supergroup: SAR l l DNA Sequence Data Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga

Supergroup: SAR l l DNA Sequence Data Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolates DNA Similarities l Membrane bounded sacs (alveoli) l

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolates DNA Similarities l Membrane bounded sacs (alveoli) l

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolata Clade 2: Dinoflagellates Causes Red Tide (2 flagella in

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolata Clade 2: Dinoflagellates Causes Red Tide (2 flagella in grooves, xanthophyll)

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolata Clade 2: Apicomplexans ex. Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure)

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolata Clade 2: Apicomplexans ex. Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure)

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolata Clade 2: Ciliates (cilia), Ex. Vorticella, paramecium Cilia, two

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Alveolata Clade 2: Ciliates (cilia), Ex. Vorticella, paramecium Cilia, two distinct types of nuclei

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Have hair-like projections on flagella l Store food as

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Have hair-like projections on flagella l Store food as laminarin (Photosynthetic) l

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Clade 2: Diatoms overlapping silica test pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Clade 2: Diatoms overlapping silica test pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Clade 2: Chrysophyta ex. Golden Algae Typically bi-flagellated pigments:

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Clade 2: Chrysophyta ex. Golden Algae Typically bi-flagellated pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

Clade 2: Brown Algae Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila pigments: fucoxanthin cell wall: cellulose,

Clade 2: Brown Algae Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila pigments: fucoxanthin cell wall: cellulose, algin

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Clade 2: Oomycota ex. Water mold pigments: none cell

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Stramenopila Clade 2: Oomycota ex. Water mold pigments: none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic hyphae

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria l Thin pseudopodia used for movement and feeding

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria l Thin pseudopodia used for movement and feeding

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria Clade 2: Cercozoans Amoeboid-shaped protist with thin pseudopodia Predators

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria Clade 2: Cercozoans Amoeboid-shaped protist with thin pseudopodia Predators found in marine freshwater, and soil

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria Clade 2: Forams (porous shells - calcium carbonate) Both

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria Clade 2: Forams (porous shells - calcium carbonate) Both marine and freshwater (found in sand or attached – also planktonic)

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria Clade 2: Radiolarians (fused plates – silica with axopodia)

Supergroup: SAR Clade 1: Rhizaria Clade 2: Radiolarians (fused plates – silica with axopodia) Mostly Marine (usually planktonic)

Supergroup: Archaeplastida l l DNA Sequences Endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium

Supergroup: Archaeplastida l l DNA Sequences Endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Red Algae

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Red Algae

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Red Algae Multicellular (most) l Pigment: phycoerythrin l Cell wall:

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Red Algae Multicellular (most) l Pigment: phycoerythrin l Cell wall: cellulose l no flagellated stage in their life cycle – probably lost during their history l used to produce agar l

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Chlorophytes

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Chlorophytes

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Chlorophytes Mostly Freshwater – Some marine – Some terrestrial l

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Chlorophytes Mostly Freshwater – Some marine – Some terrestrial l Unicellular, Colonial, Multicellular l Pigments: Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids l Cell walls: Cellulose l

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Charophytes l Similar to higher plants in color (pigment: Chlorophyll

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Charophytes l Similar to higher plants in color (pigment: Chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids). They are the closest relatives of land plants.

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Charophytes Four distinctive traits that are shared with higher plants:

Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2: Charophytes Four distinctive traits that are shared with higher plants: 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Structure of flagellated sperm 4. Formation of a phragmoplast l

Supergroup: Unikonts l l l Single flagella (in those that have one) Lobed-or tube-shaped

Supergroup: Unikonts l l l Single flagella (in those that have one) Lobed-or tube-shaped pseudopodia Fusion of three genes

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Used for movement and feeding l Classification – Slime

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Used for movement and feeding l Classification – Slime Molds u. Plasmoidial u. Cellular – Gymnamoebas (broad pseudopods) – Entamoebas (parasitic) l

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: The Slime Molds l Clade 3: Plasmoidial

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: The Slime Molds l Clade 3: Plasmoidial l Coenocytic Hyphae l (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei – Diploid

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: The Slime Molds l Clade 3: l

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: The Slime Molds l Clade 3: l l Cellular (feed like individual amoebas) Septate hyphae – aggregate to breed or during stress

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: Gymnamoebas ex. Amoebas

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: Gymnamoebas ex. Amoebas

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: Entamoebas ex. Entamoeba histolytica

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Amoebozoans Clade 2: Entamoebas ex. Entamoeba histolytica

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Opisthokonts Unicellular and multicellular with ties to fungi and animals

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Opisthokonts Unicellular and multicellular with ties to fungi and animals (DNA sequences) l Posterior location of flagellum l Classification – Nucleariids – Choanoflagellates l

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Opisthokonts Clade 2: Nucleariids Unicellular – lack distinctive characters l

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Opisthokonts Clade 2: Nucleariids Unicellular – lack distinctive characters l Contain a posterior flagella l Temporary pseudopods l Feed on algae and bacteria l

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Opisthokonts Clade 2: Choanoflagellates l l Unicellular or colonial Most

Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1: Opisthokonts Clade 2: Choanoflagellates l l Unicellular or colonial Most are suspension feeders