Organizational Text Structures Interactive Journal Review Reading passages

Organizational Text Structures Interactive Journal

Review • Reading passages can be arranged in many different ways. • The author chooses to present the information to you purposefully. • The structure of a reading passage adds meaning and organization. • It is important that you identify how a passage is organized in order to decipher why a piece was written at all.

Types of Text Structures • • • Compare/Contrast Sequence or Chronological Description Problem and Solution Cause and Effect

Comparison/Contrast text structure Text Structure Description Comparison and Contrast Two or more events, concepts, objects or places are compared, showing how they are alike and/or different Signal Words • but • however • nevertheless • in contrast • different from • unlike • similarly/both • the same • like • Whereas • On the other

Compare and Contrast

Sequence/Chronological text structure Text Structure Description Sequence Timeline Steps Cycle/ circle Items or events are listed in numerical or chronological order. Signal Words • first • second • later • next • then • finally • dates • after • when

Sequence or Chronological

Descriptive text structure Text Structure Description Bubble Map A topic is described by listing characteristics, features, attributes, and examples. Signal Words • for example • for instance • such as • is like • in addition • also • including • in particular • Features

Description

Cause and Effect text structure Text Structure Description Cause. The causes of and Effect an event and its Cause-the action resulting that makes something happen effect(s) are Effect-the result of presented. that action Signal Words • if/then/so • as a result • therefore • consequently • since • because • hence • thus • this led to

Problem and Solution text structure Text Structure Description Signal Words Problem and Solution Evidence Results Fishbone Model A problem and one or more solutions to the problem are presented. • problem is • solution is • if/then • to solve the problem… One reason for the problem

Problem and Solution

Skiing vs. Snowboarding Unlike the sport of skiing, snowboarding does not involve the use of poles. In skiing, the skier’s feet are strapped to separate skis, and he or she can change direction using the poles. In snowboarding, on the other hand, the feet are strapped to a single board of fiberglass or wood. The snowboarder must steer by leaning in the direction he or she wants to go, as a skateboarder does. Whereas most skiers compete by racing against each other on different courses, most snowboarders compete with freestyle tricks or great feats of acrobatics

Clara Barton's Civil War work began in April 1861. After the Battle of Bull Run, she started a group to gather and give supplies to wounded soldiers. In July 1862 , she got permission to travel behind the lines. Barton gave aid to soldiers of both the North and South. She made it her mission to help not just soldiers but any person in need. After the war, she became a popular and widely respected speaker. She gave lectures about the importance of helping care for soldiers in times of war and everyday people in times of peace. In 1881 she started the American Red Cross. The organization still carries out the work she started. Barton worked as its director until her death.

The Jeep Cherokee Scrambler is designed to perform under tough conditions. It offers both high protection and high style. This heavy duty mountain bike features a steel/aluminum hard tail frame. Full suspension adds a heavy duty shock absorber to the back wheel. It also features front fork suspension. This bike gives you more comfort and greater control as you attack the trails. It also features 21 speeds, front disc brakes, a headset, plastic pedals, and all-terrain tires. The Jeep MTB-style is padded to keep you comfortable on long rides.

The US Oil Embargo of Japan In 1931, Japan invaded a country called Manchuria. Six years later, it invaded mainland China. Japan was an ally of Germany and Italy, both under the control of Adolf Hitler. Most countries were worried about this alliance because these nations were attacking their neighbors. The United States was among the nations who shared a concern about these aggressive countries called “the Axis. ” Soon after Japan invaded China, World War II started. Japan attacked lands belonging to other countries; many of them were allied with the United States. Though the United States was not at war yet with Japan, President Roosevelt took action because of these attacks. The United States refused to sell Japan steel and oil. This is a situation called an “embargo. ” Steel is used in the manufacture of weapons of war, and oil is used as fuel for war machines. The United States claimed that it was refusing to sell these resources to Japan because it did not want to help Japan wage war. Japan decided to attack the US soon after the embargo began. Japan wanted to force the US to surrender quickly. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into World War II, and the Axis countries were defeated four years later.

In Thailand, Police Colonel Pongpat Chayapan was tired of his police officers breaking the law. He was annoyed that they did not take warnings seriously. Thai police officers were littering and parking in banned areas. They were also showing up to work late quite often. After dealing with these problems for far too long, Chayapan found a solution : make them wear Hello Kitty armbands. Now, any Thai officer that breaks the law will be required to wear an armband that has Hello Kitty sitting on top of two hearts. The officers will also have to stay in the office all day long. They will not be allowed to discuss which law they broke. Officers that break the law will also have the same penalties and fines that the rest of the public has. Chayapan said about the armbands, "Simple warnings no longer work. This new twist is expected to make them feel guilt and shame and prevent them from repeating the offense. This is to help build discipline. We should not let small offenses go unnoticed. "

Unlike the sport of skiing, snowboarding does not involve the use of poles. In skiing, the skier’s feet are strapped to separate skis, and he or she can change direction using the poles. In snowboarding, on the other hand, the feet are strapped to a single board of fiberglass or wood. The snowboarder must steer by leaning in the direction he or she wants to go, as a skateboarder does. Unlike most skiers compete by racing against each other on different courses, most snowboarders compete with freestyle tricks or great feats of acrobatics. The Jeep Cherokee Scrambler is designed to perform under tough conditions. It offers both high protection and high style. This heavy duty mountain bike features a steel/aluminum hard tail frame. Full suspension adds a heavy duty shock absorber to the back wheel. It also features front fork suspension. This bike gives you more comfort and greater control as you attack the trails. It also features 21 speeds, front disc brakes, a headset, plastic pedals, and all-terrain tires. The Jeep MTB-style is padded to keep you comfortable on long rides. In Thailand, Police Colonel Pongpat Chayapan was tired of his police officers breaking the law. He was annoyed that they did not take warnings seriously. Thai police officers were littering and parking in banned areas. They were also showing up to work late quite often. After dealing with these problems for far too long, Chayapan found a solution: make them wear Hello Kitty armbands. Now, any Thai officer that breaks the law will be required to wear an armband that has Hello Kitty sitting on top of two hearts. The officers will also have to stay in the office all day long. They will not be allowed to discuss which law they broke. Officers that break the law will also have the same penalties and fines that the rest of the public has. Chayapan said about the armbands, "Simple warnings no longer work. This new twist is expected to make them feel guilt and shame and prevent them from repeating the offense. This is to help build discipline. We should not let small offenses go unnoticed. " Clara Barton’s Civil War work began in April 1861. After the Battle of Bull Run, she started a group to gather and give supplies to wounded soldiers. In July of 1862, she got permission to travel behind the lines. Barton gave aid to both the North and South. She made it her mission to to help not just soldiers, but any person in need. After the war, she became a popular and widely respected speaker. She gave lectures about the importance of helping care for soldiers in times of war and everyday people in times of peace. In 1881, she started the American Red Cross. The organization still carries out the work she started. Barton work as its director until her death.

The US Oil Embargo of Japan In 1931, Japan invaded a country called Manchuria. Six years later, it invaded mainland China. Japan was an ally of Germany and Italy, both under the control of Adolf Hitler. Most countries were worried about this alliance because these nations were attacking their neighbors. The United States was among the nations who shared a concern about these aggressive countries called “the Axis. ” Soon after Japan invaded China, World War II started. Japan attacked lands belonging to other countries; many of them were allied with the United States. Though the United States was not at war yet with Japan, President Roosevelt took action because of these attacks. The United States refused to sell Japan steel and oil. This is a situation called an “embargo. ” Steel is used in the manufacture of weapons of war, and oil is used as fuel for war machines. The United States claimed that it was refusing to sell these resources to Japan because it did not want to help Japan wage war. Japan decided to attack the US soon after the embargo began. Japan wanted to force the US to surrender quickly. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into World War II, and the Axis countries were defeated four years later.

Example Passage Type Definition Key Words Thinking Map

Sequence or Chronological

Compare and Contrast