Organization of the Cell Cell Theory Cells are
- Slides: 37
Organization of the Cell
Cell Theory Cells are the basic living units of organization and function All cells come from other cells Work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow contributed to this theory Each cell is a microcosm of life
Biological Size and Cell Diversity
Cell surface area-to-volume ratio Plasma membrane must be large enough relative to cell volume to regulate passage of materials Volume increases faster than surface area so cells must divide Cell size and shape related to function
Cell Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
Microscopes Light microscope, microscope referred to as compound microscope, used by most students Two features determine how clearly an object is viewed Magnification Resolution Light microscope has 500 times more resolution than human eye
Electron microscope Developed in the 1950 s Allows study of the ultrastructure of cells 10, 000 times more resolution than human eye
Types of electron microscope Transmission electron microscope TEM Used to view internal cell structures Scanning electron microscope SEM Produces 3 -D picture of cell surface Can’t be used to view living cells
Comparing light and electron microscopy
Cell fractionation Used to determine isolate & tell function of organelles Cells broken apart and the resulting cell extract spun in a centrifuge Centrifugal force separates extract Pellet – heavier cell organelles Supernatant – liquid poured off
Cell fractionation
Prokaryotic Bacteria and Archaea (ancient bacteria) DNA not enclosed in a nucleus Eukaryotic All other known organisms Highly organized membraneenclosed organelles Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm
Functions of cell or plasma membranes Divide cell into compartments, compartments allowing for specialized activities Interacting membranes form endomembrane system Vesicles transport materials between compartments (ER Golgi, Golgi plasma membrane…)
Diagram of a plant cell
Diagram of an animal cell
The cell nucleus Contains DNA Bounded by Nuclear envelope Double membrane perforated with nuclear pores DNA forms chromatin, chromatin which is organized into chromosomes Nucleolus RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
The cell nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Network of folded internal membranes in the cytosol Connected to Nuclear envelope Smooth ER Site of lipid synthesis Site of detoxifying enzymes Detoxifies drugs & alcohol Stores Ca++ in muscle cells Rough ER Ribosomes on surface manufacture secretory proteins Proteins may be moved into the ER lumen (interior)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi complex Cisternae that process, sort, and modify proteins In animal cells, cells Golgi complex also manufactures lysosomes Glycoproteins Transported to the cis face (receiving side) Golgi modifies carbohydrates and lipids and packages into vesicles that pinch off the trans face (shipping side)
Golgi complex
Lysosomes break down worn-out cell structures, bacteria, and other substances Responsible recycling for cell death & Peroxisomes Involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification Contain enzymes (catalase) catalase that produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 H 2 O + O 2
Lysosomes
Mitochondria Sites of aerobic respiration Organelles enclosed by a double membrane Has its own genome Place important role in apoptosis Cristae (internal folds) and matrix (innermost space) contain enzymes for aerobic respiration Nutrients broken down and energy packaged in ATP Carbon dioxide and water by-products
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts Plastids that carry out photosynthesis Inner membrane of chloroplast encloses the stroma gel-like liquid) Contains stacks of interconnected sacs called thylakoids Stack of thylakoids called grana During photosynthesis, chlorophyll traps light energy (sunlight) Energy converted to chemical energy in ATP
Chloroplast
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton Internal framework made of Microtubules - tubulin Microfilaments - actin Intermediate filaments - keratin Provides structural support Involved with transport of materials in the cell Make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles
The Cytoskeleton
Cilia and flagella Thin, movable structures that project from cell surface Function in movement Microtubles anchored in cell by basal body
Structure of cilia
Glycocalyx Cell coat formed by polysaccarides extending from plasma membrane Many animal cells also surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM) Most bacteria, fungi, and plant cell walls made of carbohydrates
Extracellular matrix
Plant cell walls
- Insidan region jh
- Levels of biological organization
- Pns water view position
- Principal cells vs intercalated cells
- Parafollicular
- Somatic vs gamete
- Somatic vs germ cells
- Red blood cells and white blood cells difference
- Ghonarea
- Animal cell plant cell venn diagram
- Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells venn diagram
- The organelle trail
- Masses of cells form and steal nutrients from healthy cells
- Label
- 4 types of eukaryotic cells
- Is a red blood cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic
- Chapter 8 cellular reproduction cells from cells
- Cells cells they're made of organelles meme
- Chapter 4 cell theory and cell study
- Process organization in computer organization
- Compare and contrast organization
- Germ cell vs somatic cells
- Collection of specialized cells and cell products
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