Organism Metaphor An amalgam of several lines of

Internal Integration • Treating workers in a flexible, human context rather than as cogs

Organization as Open Systems • The importance of environments – Management role: ascertaining their

Contingency Theory D stable defensive routine D Proactive strategy D Authortar. Complex technology D

Natural Selection; Population Ecology: Niche Theory • The “fit” (or ability to • Application

Organizational Ecology • Symbiotic “co-creation • Application to between organization Columbia experience? and element

Longitude (or life span) of institutions • (from Frederickson’s “gardening” essay • The organization’s

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Organism Metaphor: An amalgam of several lines of thought • Internal Integration • Organization as Open Systems • Contingency Theory • Population Ecology • Organizational Ecology • Longitude (or life span) of institutions • Application to Columbia experience? • Application to your work experience? • Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

Internal Integration • Treating workers in a flexible, human context rather than as cogs in a machine • Application to Columbia experience? • Application to your work experience? • Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

Organization as Open Systems • The importance of environments – Management role: ascertaining their impacts – Understanding the interrelationship (or lack thereof) among relevant subsystems • Recognizing variations among organization environments (and their implications on the internal functioning of organizations) • Application to Columbia experience? • Application to your work experience? • Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

Contingency Theory D stable defensive routine D Proactive strategy D Authortar. Complex technology D instrumental mechanistic Turbulent environment Self-actualizing human D Organic structure D Democratic Mngt • Application to Columbia experience? • Application to your work experience? • Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

Natural Selection; Population Ecology: Niche Theory • The “fit” (or ability to • Application to find resource niche) of Columbia experience? some “subpopulation” • Application to your within a universe of work experience? like organizations • Considerations • …questions the regarding public importance of the sector organizations? management capability issue

Organizational Ecology • Symbiotic “co-creation • Application to between organization Columbia experience? and element in the • Application to your environment work experience? • Considerations regarding public sector organizations? (don’t over-simplify)

Longitude (or life span) of institutions • (from Frederickson’s “gardening” essay • The organization’s present is a function of its history and evolution • Application to Columbia experience? • Application to your work experience? • Considerations regarding public sector organizations?