Organic Molecules Chapter 6 section 4 Carbon Body

Organic Molecules Chapter 6, section 4

Carbon • Body is mostly made up of water and organic compounds • Anything made up of carbon is called ORGANIC • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (form different arrangements of atoms: straight, branched, rings)

4 types of organic compounds in ALL living things • A) Carbohydrates • C) Proteins • B) Lipids • D) Nucleic Acids

• Isomer- compound that have the same chemical formula but different structures (different structures mean different chemical and physical properties)

• Cells make macromolecules (small compounds + small compounds) 1) polymer= large macromolecule consisting of repeated linked units 2) monomer= each subunit, building block of polymers

Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates- organic molecule made of C, H, and O • 2 Hydrogen for each Oxygen • Ex. Starches, sugars, cellulose • Key function to store and provide energy

Exist as Mono, Di, or Polysaccharide • A) Monosaccharidesimple sugar ex. Glucose (major source of energy in cells) and fructose • B) Disaccharide- double sugar, two monosaccharides Ex. ex. Sucrose (table sugar)= Glucose + Fructose • C) Polysaccharidecomplex sugars made of 3 or more sugars ex. Starch (plants store food as starch) Glycogen (stored in liver and muscles for quick energy) Cellulose (structural support for plants)

Lipids • Lipids- nonpolar molecules that CAN NOT dissolved in water • Contains C, H, and O • More Hydrogen than Carbohydrates • Key function to store energy, make up cell membranes, insulate/protect/ and make hormones • Lipid= 3 fatty acids (long chain of carbons with hydrogen atoms attached) AND glycerol (alcohol with 3 carbon atoms) • Commonly called fats and oils

Two kinds of Lipids 1) Saturated- lipids with single bonds - Solid at room temperature - Come from animal products - Known as fats 2) Unsaturated- lipids with double bonds - Liquid at room temperature - Come from plant products - Called oils **Some lipids are used as a protective coating (sea birds/ ducks/plants)**

Protein • Proteins- large polymer of C, H, O, N and S • Amino acids- building blocks of proteins - 20 amino acids - peptide bonds= bonds that form between amino acids - polypeptide= amino acids bond together to form long chains

• Different sequencing of amino acids result in different proteins being made • Key function to build structure and carry out all metabolism • Some proteins are: 1) Structural (hair and nails) 2) function in transport (hemoglobin) 3) function in movement (muscle fibers and cytoskeletal elements) 4) defense (antibodies) 5) regulation of cell functions (hormones and enzymes)

Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids- large, complex macromolecule that stores information in the form of a code • Made up of C, H, O, N, P • Nucleic acids made up of nucleotides (sugar, base, phosphate group)

Examples: 1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- genetic code (passes instructions from parents to offspring) 2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- copy and transfer genetic information in a cell