Organic Compounds The BIG Four Before we talk

Organic Compounds The BIG Four

Before we talk about the “Big 4”, let’s define a few terms… n. Macro n. Polymer n. Monomer

What do these words mean? So What Is A Macromolecule? A BIG molecule!

What does “Mono” mean?

Next Word…POLYMER Polygons (many sides) Polygamy (many wives)

Polymers & Monomers Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER A TRAIN MONOMER A PEARL NECKLACE ? ? If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A PEARL NECKLACE EACH PEARL If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

There are FOUR important biochemical molecules

When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out…. . what they do for living things. n what they generally look like. n what their monomers are. n and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life. n

CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES üThey are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! üThey function in short-term energy storage for animals and plants

CARBOHYDRATES • In plant foods in the cell walls of plants - fruits, vegetables • In animal products - in milk Cookies, candy, fruits, sugar, breads, potatoes, vegetables

CARBOHYDRATES Each carbohydrate is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is… Glucose is called a monosaccharide

LIPIDS

LIPIDS üSource of STORED ENERGY üINSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature ü CUSHION the internal organs for protection. üProduce hormones for the body called STERIODS üWaterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! (Yes, beeswax and your earwax too!)

LIPIDS • In plants- in the seeds ----------------- • In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue ------------------ • Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. Oils, butter, margarin e

LIPIDS Each lipid is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

LIPIDS Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is… Lipids are shaped like the letter “E”

PROTEINS

PROTEINS üMajor structural molecules in living things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails üPresent in all cell membranes üMake antibodies in the immune system üMake enzymes for helping chemical reactions üMake non-steroid hormones (ex: insulin that breaks down sugar in your bloodstream) üMake hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in your blood

PROTEINS • In plant foods - in the cell membranes • In animal products - in the cell membranes- in the muscles of living things- cows, chicken, fish… Eggs, fish, chicken, meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains

PROTEINS Each protein is made up of… THINK: “CHONS”

PROTEINS Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up How the amino acid folds and its resulting shape determine the specific function of the protein

Enzymes…a special protein example Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) n They are required for all biochemical reactions n Stay tuned…We will learn more about enzymes later in this week! n

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCELIC ACIDS n DNA n n n Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. RNA n Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your

You may have heard of… “DNA” is short for Deoxyribo. Nucleic Acid n Now you know why they just call it DNA! n Another common type is RNA (Ribo. Nucleic Acid)

NUCELIC ACIDS • In every living cell, often in the nucleus

NUCLEIC ACIDS Each nucleic acid is made up of… THINK: “CHONP”

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of Something we will learn more about when we study DNA

In interesting point…three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label (0 grams in this product) 1__________ are: (13 grams in this product) 2__________ (9 grams in this product) 3__________

Resources n n n www. bio. kimunity. com www. slideshare. net/guest 13161 d/big-4 macromolecules Repacholi, Stephen. www. slideshare. net/chalkie 28/biologicalmolecules Mr. J. Willis, science teacher, Hibriten High School Miller, Ken and Joe Levine. Prentice hall Biology. Pearson Education Inc. New Jersey, 2005.