ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds made by living things All

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds made by living things All contain carbon Large & complex

CARBOHYDRATES • Include sugars, starches, glycogen, & cellulose • Contain C, H, O • Building unit is GLUCOSE • Function is to PROVIDE ENERGY (released from glucose during respiration)

GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES • MONOSACCHARIDES ONE SUGAR UNIT Glucose, Fructose, Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 • DISACCHARIDES TWO SUGAR UNITS Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose C 12 H 22 O 11

• • • POLYSACCHARIDES MANY SUGAR UNITS Complex carbohydrates Starches, cellulose, glycogen CELLULOSE = FIBER indigestible parts of plants • GLYCOGEN = ANIMAL STARCH…stored in liver when there is too much sugar in blood

LIPIDS • Fats, oils, steroids, cholesterol • Contain C, H, O • Insoluble in water • Building unit is GLYCEROL & FATTY ACIDS • Function is to STORE ENERGY; AID IN DIGESTION; PROVIDE INSULATION

GROUPS OF LIPIDS • FATS: triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids) • Primarily for storing energy • Can easily be formed from excess carbohydrates • SATURATED— UNSAUTRATED-POLYUNSATURATED

SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED • SATURATED FATS (no double bonds b/w C & H); less energy needed to break them down; stored in the body more easily; • UNSATURATED FATS (double bonds) more energy needed to break down—less likely to store; Healthier! • POLYUNSATURATED: many double bonds; Healthiest!

PHOSHOLIPIDS • 2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate • Make up cell structures like the cell membrane • Phosphate head is hydrophilic; lipid end is hydrophobic

STEROIDS Cholesterol can be good or bad. LDL can clog arteries; HDL helps to remove LDL from body • 4 carbon ring structure • Cholesterol • Sex hormones • Adrenal hormones

PROTEINS HEMOGLOBIN Red blood cells MUSCLE ANTIBODIES ENZYMES INSULIN HAIR

PROTEINS • Contain C H O N • Building block is amino acids (20 different) • EX: Hair; muscle; blood (hemoglobin); antibodies; collagen (skin); enzymes, insulin • FUNCTION: structural components (make up living things) and functional components (carry out cell processes)

Structure of Proteins • Amino Acid: contains AMINE group (NH 2) and ORGANIC ACID group (COOH) • 2 amino acids join to form a dipeptide • Bond is a PEPTIDE bond • Many amino acids are polypeptides (or PROTEINS)

CONFORMATION • Proteins fold into complex 3 -D shapes • These shapes determine the function • LONG/FIBROUS (hair & muscle) give STRUCTURE

• GLOBULAR enzymes, hemoglobin, protein carriers/receptors) carry out FUNCTION

ENZYMES • Protein catalysts • Speed up rate of metabolic reactions • Specific in their function • Not used up • Substance they work on is called the SUBSTRATE

How Enzymes Work • Lower amount of activation energy needed to start reactions • Sometimes need a cofactor (Cu, Zn, Fe) or Coenzyme (A, B-12, C, D; vitamins) to work properly; • Can be altered by heat, radiation, electricity, p. H, chemicals (changes the shape of the enzyme… enzyme said to be DENATURED)

ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA & RNA • Contain C, H, O, N, P • Building block is the nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base) • Contain Genes and direct cell processes