ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Study of Carbon Compounds Carbon
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Study of Carbon Compounds
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
Carbon! • Most chemicals that make up living things are Carbon-based. – Why? • Easily forms molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. • Up to 30% of a cell is made up of Carbon-based compounds.
Why is Carbon important to life? • Carbon is light weight and small • Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons. – Can bond with other elements and itself to form unlimited (in length) chains that can even fold to form rings
Macromolecules The Molecules of Life!
Macromolecules are… • Large polymers (poly=many) • Built by monomers (mono = one) • 4 main classes (examples of carbon based biomolecules) – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates Fuel and Building Material for Life!
Carbohydrates are… Monomer = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things • Sugars (example) = quick energy • Monosaccharides- simple sugars » Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 • Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides » Sucrose+Fructose
Carbos cont… • Starch (example) = Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things • Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle tissue for quick energy • Cellulose- provides rigid structure » Cell wall of plant cells
CELL WALL
Monomer: - Glycerol and fatty acids LIPIDS • Fats: gylcerol and fatty acids – Saturated • Solidifies- bad • Ex: animal fat and butter – Unsaturated • No solidification- good • Ex: vegetable oils – Fats are used for energy storage • Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells
Lipids cont… • Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth I’m – Whales, seals Fat! • Fat provides cushioning for organs
Fat Cells (adipose)
Lipids cont… • Phospholipids – Make up cell membranes The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.
Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins The Ultimate Polymer!
Proteins… • Monomer: – Amino acids 20 different amino acids Amino group: NH 2 Carboxyl group: -COOH
Amino Acid Codon Chart
Protein Structure • 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond – Hence the other name for a protein: polypeptide chain
Structure=Function • Protein’s specific structure (shape) determines it’s duties (job)
Four levels of organizations
Types of Proteins • *Structural Defensive – Support -Antibodies • Storage – Embryo food • *Transport – In and out of cell • Receptors – Drugs *Enzymes -catalysts Hormones -messages *Contractile -muscles
Examples of proteins • • Protein channels in cell membrane Keratin: in fingernails and hair Muscle fibers Lactase
Nucleic Acids Informational Polymers
Nucleic Acids • 2 types – DNA-double-stranded • Genetic material – Inherited from parents – RNA-single-stranded • Controls protein synthesis • Nucleic acids work together to – Build proteins Monomer: Nucleotides pentose sugar phospate nitrogen base
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