Organic chemistry Practical organic chemistry introduction Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry Practical organic chemistry

introduction Organic chemistry is all around us. The reactions and interactions of organic • molecules allow us to see smell, fight, and fear. Organic chemistry provides the molecules that feed us, treat our illnesses, protect our crops, and clean our clothes. Historically, the term organic chemistry (carbon chemistry)mean the • chemistry of compounds found in living organisms. The term “organic” substances isolated from plants and animals • There are more than 37 million known organic compounds. • Each of these compounds has its own physical properties • Chemists have learned that organic compounds • can be classified into groups according to their structural features •

FUNCTIONAL GROUP It is an atom or group of atom in the molecule that determine the chemical reactivity

Types of organic chemistry groups R-OH ALCOHOLS R-CHO ALEHYDE R-COOH CARBOXYLIC ACID AMINES R-O-R ETHER

hydrocarbons: - compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Ar-H R-H alkane alkene alkyne ETHENE ETHYNE

it is saturated aliphatic group attached directly to hydroxyl group Functional group: - (OH) (Hydroxyl group) examples methanol ETHANOL GLYCEROL

Classification of alcohols According to number of hydroxyl group According to number of alkyl groups According to side attached to carbinol chain group

CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOL •

2)According to number of hydroxyl groups Monohydric alcohols Contain one (OH) GROUP Di hydric alcohols Tri hydric alcohol Poly hydric alcohols Contain TWO (OH) Contain THREE (OH) GROUPS ETYLENE GLYCOL Contain more than three (OH) GROUPS SORBITOL 4

3)According to number of alkyl groups attached to carbinol group • Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Tertiary alcohol carbinol group attached to two hydrogen atom and one alkyl group carbinol group attached to one carbon atom and two alkyl groups

Nomenclature of alcohols| 1) IUBAC system STEP 1 Select the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group, and replace the -e - ending of the corresponding alkane with-ol EXAMPLE PENTANOL incase of substituent STEP 2 Number the carbons of the chain beginning at the end nearer the hydroxyl group. DIMETHYL PENTANOL

Name the following compounds? 1) 2) 3 -chloro 4 -methyl hexanol 5 -methyl 2 -heptanol

Practical organic chemistry Alcohols

1) Alcohols •

ALCOHOLS Physical properties: 1)state : ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ 2)Colour: ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ 3)Odour: - ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ 4)Miscibility: - ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺰﺍﺟﻴﻪ 5)Effect on litmus paper: _ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ Chemical properties

A) Physical properties solid liquid Pleasant ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ Unpleasant ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ •

acidic 4)Effect on litmus paper: - Red blue -ve acidic basic neutral basic Red and blue litmus paper 1 ml of alcohol

Chemical properties

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Glyceraldehyde

+ Salicylic acid + Methyl salicylate

+ ACETIC ACID + Ethyl Acetate

OXIDATION ACETALDEHYDE SUBSTITUTIO HCOONa Sodium formate iodoform

experiment METHANOL GLYCROL The violet colour disappear 2) Ester formation 3) Iodoform Odour of winter ( )ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻮﺭ Odour of fruit -ve Yellow crystals after heating -ve -ve Pink colour disappear on cold and return by heating