Organic Chemistry Macromolecule Key concepts Cheat sheet Macromolecules

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Organic Chemistry Macromolecule Key concepts (Cheat sheet)

Organic Chemistry Macromolecule Key concepts (Cheat sheet)

Macromolecules � Macromolecules are polymers built from monomers � They fall into 4 types

Macromolecules � Macromolecules are polymers built from monomers � They fall into 4 types q. Carbohydrates q. Lipids q. Proteins q. Nucleic Acids

1. Carbohydrates � Serve as fuel and building material � IMAGES FROM Chem 2

1. Carbohydrates � Serve as fuel and building material � IMAGES FROM Chem 2 Washington State University

1. Carbohydrates � Examples: › Monosaccharides �Glucose and Fructose › Disaccharides �Lactose and Sucrose

1. Carbohydrates � Examples: › Monosaccharides �Glucose and Fructose › Disaccharides �Lactose and Sucrose Both function as Fuel; carbon sources that can be converted to other or combined into polymers

1. Carbohydrates � Examples: › Poly saccharides �Cellulose (plants) – strengthens plants cell wall

1. Carbohydrates � Examples: › Poly saccharides �Cellulose (plants) – strengthens plants cell wall �Starch (plants) – stores glucose for energy �Glycogen (animals) – stores glucose for energy �Chitin (animals and fungi) – strengthens exoskeleton and fungal cell walls

2. Lipids � Are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules � Luman learning

2. Lipids � Are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules � Luman learning

2. (a) Lipids � Triacylglycerol's (fats or oils) › Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

2. (a) Lipids � Triacylglycerol's (fats or oils) › Glycerol + 3 fatty acids › Function: �Important energy source

2. (b) Lipids � Phospholipids › Phosphate group + 2 fatty acids › Function:

2. (b) Lipids � Phospholipids › Phosphate group + 2 fatty acids › Function: �Lipid bilayers of membranes �Hydrophobic tails �Hydrophilic heads

2. (c) Lipids � Steroids › Four fused rings with attached chemical groups ›

2. (c) Lipids � Steroids › Four fused rings with attached chemical groups › Function: �Component of cell membranes �Signaling molecules that move through the body (hormones)

3. Proteins � Include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of

3. Proteins � Include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

3. Proteins � Examples › › › › Enzymes Structural proteins Storage proteins Transport

3. Proteins � Examples › › › › Enzymes Structural proteins Storage proteins Transport proteins Hormones Receptor proteins Motor proteins Defensive proteins

3. Proteins � Function › › › › Enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions) Structural proteins

3. Proteins � Function › › › › Enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions) Structural proteins (provide support) Storage proteins (store amino acids) Transport proteins (transport substances) Hormones (coordinate response) Receptor proteins (receive signals from outside cell) Motor proteins (function in cell movement) Defensive proteins (protection against disease)

4. Nucleic Acids � Store transmit, and help express hereditary information

4. Nucleic Acids � Store transmit, and help express hereditary information

4. Nucleic Acids � Examples: › DNA �Usually double stranded �Sugar base – deoxyribose

4. Nucleic Acids � Examples: › DNA �Usually double stranded �Sugar base – deoxyribose �Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, and G) › RNA �Usually single stranded �Sugar base – ribose �Nitrogenous base (A, U, C, and G)

4. Nucleic Acids � Function: › DNA – stores hereditary information › RNA –

4. Nucleic Acids � Function: › DNA – stores hereditary information › RNA – Various functions during gene expressions, including the carrying out DNA instructions to the ribosomes