Organic Chemistry Functional groups Functional Group Chemistry Alcohols

Organic Chemistry Functional groups

Functional Group Chemistry Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group and have the general formula R-OH. Sterols, ethylene glycol 24. 4

Biological production of ethanol enzyme C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) 2 CH 3 CH 2 OH (aq) + 2 CO 2 (g) Commercial production of ethanol H 2 SO 4 CH 2 (g) + H 2 O (g) CH 3 CH 2 OH (g) DRINKABLE vs. DENATURED Alcohol

Functional Group Chemistry Ethers have the general formula R-O-R’. Condensation Reaction H 2 SO 4 CH 3 OH + HOCH 3 CH 3 OCH 3 + H 2 O catalyst 24. 4

Functional Group Chemistry O Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( ) C functional group. O • aldehydes have the general formula R C H O • ketones have the general formula R C R’ O O O H C H H C CH 3 H 3 C C CH 3 formaldehyde acetone 24. 4

Functional Group Chemistry Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl ( -COOH ) functional group. VINEGAR, ASPIRIN , ANTS, CITRUS FRUITS, PROTEINS, PRESERVATIVES 24. 4

Functional Group Chemistry Esters have the general formula R’COOR, where R is a hydrocarbon group. O CH 3 COOH + HOCH 2 CH 3 C O CH 2 CH 3 + H 2 O ethyl acetate Banana: isopentyl acetate Pineapple: ethyl butanoate Apple: methyl butanoate Pear: propyl ethanoate Orange: Octyl ethanoate Raspberry: 2 -Methylpropyl ethanoate Oil of Wintergreen: methyl salycilate 24. 4

HOW TO MIMIC NATURE: Making synthetic flavoring • • A good cherry is supposed to be tough to formulate. Here is an example of a *minimum* synthetic cherry flavoring: ethyl methyl p-tolyl glycidate 16. 0 % iso-amyl acetate 12. 0 % iso-butyl acetate 12. 0 % p-methyl benzyl acetate 11. 0 % benzaldehyde 8. 0 % vanillin 7. 0 % benzyl alkcohol 5. 5 % piperonal 5. 0 % ethyl caprate 4. 0 % cinnamic aldehyde dimethyl acetal 3. 0 % p-tolyl aldehyde 3. 0 % cinnamyl anthranilate 3. 0 % ethyl caproate 2. 0 % geranyl butyrate 2. 0 % terpenyl butyrate 0. 5 %

Functional Group Chemistry Amines are organic bases with the general formula R 3 N. CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O RNH 3+ + OH- Urea Phenylpropanolamine (Meth)amphetamine Caffeine

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Blue jeans • Indigo: an ancient dye, herbal remedy, poison • Indigofera • Tyrian purple – 6, 6’-dibromoindigo

The sweet life sucralose aspartame saccharin

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POLYMERS • Poly: Many Meros: Parts • Made up of repeating monomers • Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers ( CH CH 2 CH CH CH 2 )n • Common biopolymers: Proteins, DNA, RNA, starch, cellulose

• PET: Polyethylene terephthalate – Plastic bottles • Polytetrafluoroethylene – Teflon™ • • Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride Nylon (synthetic polyamide, similar to bonds in proteins) http: //www. nationalgeographic. com/education/plastics/index. html

The stuff of life • DNA

The stuff of life • Proteins